• Contents
  • About
  • Acknowledgments
    • Credits
      • Documentation
      • Software
      • Support Groups
    • Acknowledgments
  • Using This Book
    • Overview
    • Organization
    • Typographical Conventions
    • Conventions for Examples
    • Accessing the SAS/QC Sample Library
    • Online Documentation
  • What’s New in SAS/QC 12.1 and 12.3
    • Overview
    • Production Status for the MVP Procedures
    • CAPABILITY Procedure Enhancements
    • PARETO Procedure Enhancements
    • RELIABILITY Procedure Enhancements
    • References
  • Components of SAS/QC Software
    • Overview
    • ADX Interface for Design of Experiments
    • SQC Menu System for Statistical Quality Control
    • Procedures for Design of Experiments
    • Procedures for Control Chart Analysis
    • Procedure for Process Capability Analysis
    • Procedures for Basic Quality Problem Solving
    • Procedure for Reliability Analysis
    • Procedure for Analysis of Means
    • Procedures for Multivariate Process Monitoring
  • SAS/QC Graphics
    • Overview
    • Which Graphics Approach Should You Use?
    • Traditional Graphics
    • ODS Graphics
    • Legacy Line Printer Displays
  • The ANOM Procedure
    • PROC ANOM and General Statements
      • Overview: ANOM Procedure
        • Uses of Analysis of Means
        • Terminology
        • History
        • Using the ANOM Procedure
      • Syntax: ANOM Procedure
        • BY Statement
        • ID Statement
        • Graphical Enhancement Statements
        • PROC ANOM Statement
    • BOXCHART Statement: ANOM Procedure
      • Overview: BOXCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: BOXCHART Statement
        • Creating ANOM Boxcharts from Response Values
        • Creating ANOM Boxcharts from Group Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics for Groups
        • Saving Decision Limits
      • Syntax: BOXCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: BOXCHART Statement
        • Constructing ANOM Boxcharts
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: BOXCHART Statement
        • ANOM Boxcharts with Unequal Group Sizes
    • PCHART Statement: ANOM Procedure
      • Overview: PCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: PCHART Statement
        • Creating ANOM Charts for Proportions from Group Counts
        • Creating ANOM Charts for Proportions from Group Summary Data
        • Saving Group Proportions
        • Saving Decision Limits
      • Syntax: PCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: PCHART Statement
        • Constructing ANOM Charts for Proportions
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: PCHART Statement
        • ANOM p Charts with Angled Axis Labels
    • UCHART Statement: ANOM Procedure
      • Overview: UCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: UCHART Statement
        • Creating ANOM Charts for Rates from Group Counts
        • Saving Decision Limits
      • Syntax: UCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: UCHART Statement
        • Constructing ANOM Charts for Rates
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: UCHART Statement
        • ANOM u Charts with Angled Axis Labels
    • XCHART Statement: ANOM Procedure
      • Overview: XCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: XCHART Statement
        • Creating ANOM Charts for Means from Response Values
        • Creating ANOM Charts for Means from Group Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics for Groups
        • Saving Decision Limits
      • Syntax: XCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: XCHART Statement
        • Constructing ANOM Charts for Means
        • Constructing ANOM Charts for Two-Way Layouts
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: XCHART Statement
        • ANOM Charts with Unequal Group Sizes
        • ANOM for a Two-Way Classification
        • ANOM Charts Using LIMITS= Data Set
        • ANOM for Cell Means in Presence of Interaction
    • INSET Statement: ANOM Procedure
      • Overview: INSET Statement
      • Getting Started: INSET Statement
        • Displaying Summary Statistics on an ANOM Chart
        • Formatting Values and Customizing Labels
        • Adding a Header and Positioning the Inset
      • Syntax: INSET Statement
        • Summary of INSET Keywords
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: INSET Statement
        • Positioning the Inset Using Compass Points
        • Positioning the Inset in the Margins
        • Positioning the Inset Using Coordinates
    • Dictionary of ANOM Chart Statement Options
    • References
  • The CAPABILITY Procedure
    • Introduction: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Learning about the CAPABILITY Procedure
    • PROC CAPABILITY and General Statements
      • Overview: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Getting Started: CAPABILITY Procedure
        • Computing Descriptive Statistics
        • Computing Capability Indices
      • Syntax: CAPABILITY Procedure
        • BY Statement
        • FREQ, WEIGHT, and ID Statements
        • Graphical Enhancement Statements
        • PROC CAPABILITY Statement
        • CLASS Statement
        • SPEC Statement
      • Details: CAPABILITY Procedure
        • Input Data Sets
        • Output Data Set
        • Descriptive Statistics
        • Signed Rank Statistic
        • Tests for Normality
        • Percentile Computations
        • Robust Estimators
        • Computing the Mode
        • Assumptions and Terminology for Capability Indices
        • Standard Capability Indices
        • Specialized Capability Indices
        • Missing Values
        • ODS Tables
      • Examples: CAPABILITY Procedure
        • Reading Specification Limits
        • Enhancing Reference Lines
        • Displaying a Confidence Interval for Cpk
    • CDFPLOT Statement: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Overview: CDFPLOT Statement
      • Getting Started: CDFPLOT Statement
        • Creating a Cumulative Distribution Plot
      • Syntax: CDFPLOT Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: CDFPLOT Statement
        • ODS Graphics
      • Examples: CDFPLOT Statement
        • Fitting a Normal Distribution
        • Using Reference Lines with CDF Plots
    • COMPHISTOGRAM Statement: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Overview: COMPHISTOGRAM Statement
      • Getting Started: COMPHISTOGRAM Statement
        • Creating a One-Way Comparative Histogram
        • Adding Fitted Normal Curves to a Comparative Histogram
      • Syntax: COMPHISTOGRAM Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: COMPHISTOGRAM Statement
        • ODS Graphics
      • Examples: COMPHISTOGRAM Statement
        • Adding Insets with Descriptive Statistics
        • Creating a Two-Way Comparative Histogram
    • HISTOGRAM Statement: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Overview: HISTOGRAM Statement
      • Getting Started: HISTOGRAM Statement
        • Creating a Histogram with Specification Limits
        • Adding a Normal Curve to the Histogram
        • Customizing a Histogram
      • Syntax: HISTOGRAM Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: HISTOGRAM Statement
        • Formulas for Fitted Curves
        • Kernel Density Estimates
        • Printed Output
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • SYMBOL and PATTERN Statement Options
      • Examples: HISTOGRAM Statement
        • Fitting a Beta Curve
        • Fitting Lognormal, Weibull, and Gamma Curves
        • Comparing Goodness-of-Fit Tests
        • Computing Capability Indices for Nonnormal Distributions
        • Computing Kernel Density Estimates
        • Fitting a Three-Parameter Lognormal Curve
        • Annotating a Folded Normal Curve
    • INSET Statement: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Overview: INSET Statement
      • Getting Started: INSET Statement
        • Displaying Summary Statistics on a Histogram
        • Formatting Values and Customizing Labels
        • Adding a Header and Positioning the Inset
      • Syntax: INSET Statement
        • Summary of INSET Keywords
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: INSET Statement
        • Positioning the Inset Using Compass Points
        • Positioning the Inset in the Margins
        • Positioning the Inset Using Coordinates
      • Examples: INSET Statement
        • Inset for Goodness-of-Fit Statistics
        • Inset for Areas Under a Fitted Curve
    • INTERVALS Statement: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Overview: INTERVALS Statement
      • Getting Started: INTERVALS Statement
        • Computing Statistical Intervals
        • Computing One-Sided Lower Prediction Limits
      • Syntax: INTERVALS Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: INTERVALS Statement
        • Methods for Computing Statistical Intervals
        • OUTINTERVALS= Data Set
        • ODS Tables
    • OUTPUT Statement: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Overview: OUTPUT Statement
      • Getting Started: OUTPUT Statement
        • Saving Summary Statistics in an Output Data Set
        • Saving Percentiles in an Output Data Set
      • Syntax: OUTPUT Statement
      • Details: OUTPUT Statement
        • OUT= Data Set
      • Examples: OUTPUT Statement
        • Computing Nonstandard Capability Indices
        • Approximate Confidence Limits for Cpk
    • PPPLOT Statement: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Overview: PPPLOT Statement
      • Getting Started: PPPLOT Statement
        • Creating a Normal Probability-Probability Plot
      • Syntax: PPPLOT Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: PPPLOT Statement
        • Construction and Interpretation of P-P Plots
        • Comparison of P-P Plots and Q-Q Plots
        • Summary of Theoretical Distributions
        • Specification of Symbol Markers
        • Specification of the Distribution Reference Line
        • ODS Graphics
    • PROBPLOT Statement: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Overview: PROBPLOT Statement
      • Getting Started: PROBPLOT Statement
        • Creating a Normal Probability Plot
        • Creating Lognormal Probability Plots
      • Syntax: PROBPLOT Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: PROBPLOT Statement
        • Summary of Theoretical Distributions
        • SYMBOL Statement Options
        • ODS Graphics
      • Examples: PROBPLOT Statement
        • Displaying a Normal Reference Line
        • Displaying a Lognormal Reference Line
    • QQPLOT Statement: CAPABILITY Procedure
      • Overview: QQPLOT Statement
      • Getting Started: QQPLOT Statement
        • Creating a Normal Quantile-Quantile Plot
        • Adding a Distribution Reference Line
      • Syntax: QQPLOT Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: QQPLOT Statement
        • Construction of Quantile-Quantile and Probability Plots
        • Interpretation of Quantile-Quantile and Probability Plots
        • Summary of Theoretical Distributions
        • Graphical Estimation
        • SYMBOL Statement Options
        • ODS Graphics
      • Examples: QQPLOT Statement
        • Interpreting a Normal Q-Q Plot of Nonnormal Data
        • Estimating Parameters from Lognormal Plots
        • Comparing Weibull Q-Q Plots
        • Estimating Cpk from a Normal Q-Q Plot
    • Dictionary of Common Options: CAPABILITY Procedure
    • References
  • The CUSUM Procedure
    • Introduction: CUSUM Procedure
      • Learning about the CUSUM Procedure
    • PROC CUSUM Statement
      • Overview: PROC CUSUM Statement
      • Syntax: PROC CUSUM Statement
        • BY Statement
      • Input and Output Data Sets: CUSUM Procedure
    • XCHART Statement: CUSUM Procedure
      • Overview: XCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: XCHART Statement
        • Creating a V-Mask Cusum Chart from Raw Data
        • Creating a V-Mask Cusum Chart from Subgroup Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Creating a One-Sided Cusum Chart with a Decision Interval
        • Saving Cusum Scheme Parameters
        • Reading Cusum Scheme Parameters
      • Syntax: XCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Special Options
      • Details: XCHART Statement
        • Basic Notation for Cusum Charts
        • Formulas for Cumulative Sums
        • Defining the Decision Interval for a One-Sided Cusum Scheme
        • Defining the V-Mask for a Two-Sided Cusum Scheme
        • Designing a Cusum Scheme
        • Cusum Charts Compared with Shewhart Charts
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: XCHART Statement
        • Cusum and Standard Deviation Charts
        • Upper and Lower One-Sided Cusum Charts
        • Combined Shewhart–Cusum Scheme
    • INSET Statement: CUSUM Procedure
      • Overview: INSET Statement
      • Getting Started: INSET Statement
      • Syntax: INSET Statement
    • References
  • The FACTEX Procedure
    • Introduction to the FACTEX Procedure
      • Overview
        • Features
        • Learning about the FACTEX Procedure
      • Getting Started
        • Example of a Two-Level Full Factorial Design
        • Example of a Full Factorial Design in Two Blocks
        • Example of a Half-Fraction Factorial Design
        • Using the FACTEX Procedure Interactively
    • Details of the FACTEX Procedure
      • Syntax
        • Summary of Functions
        • Summary of Designs
      • Statement Descriptions
        • PROC FACTEX Statement
        • BLOCKS Statement
        • UNITEFFECT Statement
        • EXAMINE Statement
        • FACTORS Statement
        • MODEL Statement
        • OUTPUT Statement
        • SIZE Statement
      • Advanced Examples
        • Completely Randomized Design
        • Resolution 4 Augmented Design
        • Factorial Design with Center Points
        • Fold-Over Design
        • Randomized Complete Block Design
        • Two-Level Design with Design Replication and Point Replication
        • Mixed-Level Design Using Design Replication and Point Replication
        • Mixed-Level Design Using Pseudo-Factors
        • Mixed-Level Design by Collapsing Factors
        • Hyper-Graeco-Latin Square Design
        • Resolution 4 Design with Minimum Aberration
        • Replicated Blocked Design with Partial Confounding
        • Incomplete Block Design
        • Design with Inner Array and Outer Array
        • Fractional Factorial Split-Plot Designs
        • A Design for a Three-Step Process
        • A Strip-Split-Split-Plot Design
        • Design and Analysis of a Complete Factorial Experiment
      • Computational Details
        • Types of Factors
        • Specifying Effects in the MODEL Statement
        • Factor Variable Characteristics in the Output Data Set
      • Statistical Details
        • Resolution
        • Randomization
        • Replication
        • Confounding Rules
        • Alias Structure
        • Minimum Aberration
        • MaxClear Designs
        • Split-Plot Designs
      • Output
      • ODS Tables
    • Theory of Orthogonal Designs
      • Overview
      • Structure of General Factorial Designs
      • Suitable Confounding Rules
        • Design Factors
        • Block Factors
        • General Criteria
      • Searching for Confounding Rules
      • Speeding Up the Search
      • General Recommendations
    • References
  • The ISHIKAWA Procedure
    • Introduction to the ISHIKAWA Environment
      • Overview
      • Terminology
        • Using a Mouse
        • Using Context-Sensitive Operations
        • Using the Command Bar
      • Tutorial
    • Details of the ISHIKAWA Environment
      • Summary of Operations
      • Operations
        • Adding Arrows
        • Labeling Arrows
        • Moving Arrows
        • Deleting Arrows
        • Resizing Arrows
        • Swapping Arrows
        • Balancing Arrows
        • Notepads
        • Managing Complexity
        • Zooming Arrows
        • Isolating Arrows
        • Merging Diagrams
        • Creating Graphics Output Using SAS/GRAPH Software
        • Creating Bitmap Graphics Output
        • Modifying Fonts
        • Modifying Box Colors
        • Modifying Arrow Colors and Line Styles
        • Modifying Text Colors
        • Modifying Arrow Heads
        • Modifying Environmental Attributes
        • Saving an Ishikawa Diagram for Future Editing
        • Reading an Existing Ishikawa Diagram
        • Displaying Multiple Ishikawa Diagrams
      • Input and Output Data Sets
        • Example
      • Syntax
      • Examples
        • Quality of Air Travel Service
        • Integrated Circuit Failures
        • Photographic Development Process
    • References
  • The MACONTROL Procedure
    • Introduction: MACONTROL Procedure
      • Learning about the MACONTROL Procedure
    • PROC MACONTROL Statement
      • Overview: PROC MACONTROL Statement
      • Syntax: PROC MACONTROL Statement
        • BY Statement
      • Input and Output Data Sets: MACONTROL Procedure
    • EWMACHART Statement: MACONTROL Procedure
      • Overview: EWMACHART Statement
      • Getting Started: EWMACHART Statement
        • Creating EWMA Charts from Raw Data
        • Creating EWMA Charts from Subgroup Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limit Parameters
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limit Parameters
      • Syntax: EWMACHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Special Options
      • Details: EWMACHART Statement
        • Constructing EWMA Charts
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: EWMACHART Statement
        • Specifying Standard Values for the Process Mean and Process Standard Deviation
        • Displaying Limits Based on Asymptotic Values
        • Working with Unequal Subgroup Sample Sizes
        • Displaying Individual Measurements on an EWMA Chart
        • Computing Average Run Lengths
    • MACHART Statement: MACONTROL Procedure
      • Overview: MACHART Statement
      • Getting Started: MACHART Statement
        • Creating Moving Average Charts from Raw Data
        • Creating Moving Average Charts from Subgroup Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limit Parameters
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limit Parameters
      • Syntax: MACHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Special Options
      • Details: MACHART Statement
        • Constructing Uniformly Weighted Moving Average Charts
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: MACHART Statement
        • Specifying Standard Values for the Process Mean and Process Standard Deviation
        • Annotating Average Run Lengths on the Chart
    • INSET Statement: MACONTROL Procedure
      • Overview: INSET Statement
      • Getting Started: INSET Statement
      • Syntax: INSET Statement
    • References
  • Introduction to Multivariate Process Monitoring Procedures
    • Overview: MVP Procedures
    • MVP Analysis Phases
      • Phase I Analysis: Building a Model of a Process
      • Phase II Analysis: Process Monitoring
    • References
  • The MVPDIAGNOSE Procedure
    • Overview: MVPDIAGNOSE Procedure
    • Getting Started: MVPDIAGNOSE Procedure
    • Syntax: MVPDIAGNOSE Procedure
      • PROC MVPDIAGNOSE Statement
      • BY Statement
      • CONTRIBUTIONPANEL Statement
      • CONTRIBUTIONPLOT Statement
      • ID Statement
      • SCOREMATRIX Statement
      • SCOREPLOT Statement
      • TIME Statement
      • Common Plot Statement Options
    • Details: MVPDIAGNOSE Procedure
      • Contribution Plots
      • Paneled Contribution Plot Layouts
      • Input Data Sets
      • ODS Graphics
    • Examples: MVPDIAGNOSE Procedure
      • Phase II Analysis with MVPDIAGNOSE
    • References
  • The MVPMODEL Procedure
    • Overview: MVPMODEL Procedure
      • Using the MVP Procedures
      • Functionality of the MVPMODEL Procedure
    • Getting Started: MVPMODEL Procedure
      • Preliminary Analysis
      • Building a Principal Component Model
    • Syntax: MVPMODEL Procedure
      • PROC MVPMODEL Statement
      • BY Statement
      • ID Statement
      • VAR Statement
    • Details: MVPMODEL Procedure
      • Classical T-Square Charts
      • Principal Component Analysis
      • Relationship of Principal Components to Multivariate Control Charts
      • Cross Validation
      • Centering and Scaling
      • Missing Values
      • Input Data Set
      • Output Data Sets
      • ODS Table Names
      • ODS Graphics
    • Examples: MVPMODEL Procedure
      • Using Cross Validation to Select the Number of Principal Components
      • Computing the Classical T-Square Statistic
    • References
  • The MVPMONITOR Procedure
    • Overview: MVPMONITOR Procedure
    • Getting Started: MVPMONITOR Procedure
      • Creating a Multivariate Control Chart in a Phase I Situation
    • Syntax: MVPMONITOR Procedure
      • PROC MVPMONITOR Statement
      • BY Statement
      • ID Statement
      • SERIES Statement
      • SPECHART Statement
      • TIME Statement
      • TSQUARECHART Statement
      • Common Chart Statement Options
    • Details: MVPMONITOR Procedure
      • Computing T-Square Control Limits
      • Computing SPE Control Limits
      • Contribution Plots
      • Input Data Sets
      • Output Data Sets
      • ODS Graphics
    • Examples: MVPMONITOR Procedure
      • Combining Data from Peer Processes
      • Creating Multivariate Control Charts for Phase II
      • Comparison of Univariate and Multivariate Control Charts
      • Creating a Classical T-Square Chart
    • References
  • The OPTEX Procedure
    • Introduction to the OPTEX Procedure
      • Overview
        • Features
        • Learning about the OPTEX Procedure
      • Getting Started
        • Constructing a Nonstandard Design
        • Optimal Design Scenarios
    • Details of the OPTEX Procedure
      • Syntax
        • Statement Ordering for Covariate Designs
        • Summary of Functions
      • Statement Descriptions
        • PROC OPTEX Statement
        • BLOCKS Statement
        • CLASS Statement
        • EXAMINE Statement
        • GENERATE Statement
        • ID Statement
        • MODEL Statement
        • OUTPUT Statement
      • Advanced Examples
        • Nonstandard Linear Model
        • Comparing Fedorov Algorithm to Sequential Algorithm
        • Using an Initial Design to Search an Optimal Design
        • Optimal Design Using an Augmented Best Design
        • Optimal Design Using a Small Candidate Set
        • Bayesian Optimal Design
        • Balanced Incomplete Block Design
        • Optimal Design with Fixed Covariates
        • Optimal Design in the Presence of Covariance
        • Adding Space-Filling Points to a Design
      • Data Details
        • Input Data Sets
        • Output Data Sets
      • Computational Details
        • Specifying Effects in MODEL Statements
        • Design Efficiency Measures
        • Design Coding
        • Optimality Criteria
        • Memory and Run-Time Considerations
        • Search Methods
        • Optimal Blocking
        • Search Strategies
        • Output
        • ODS Tables
    • References
  • The PARETO Procedure
    • Introduction: PARETO Procedure
    • PROC PARETO Statement
      • Overview: PROC PARETO Statement
      • Syntax: PROC PARETO Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
    • HBAR Statement: PARETO Procedure
      • Overview: HBAR Statement
      • Getting Started: HBAR Statement
        • Creating a Pareto Chart from Raw Data
        • Creating a Pareto Chart Using Frequency Data
        • Restricting the Number of Pareto Categories
      • Syntax: HBAR Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
    • VBAR Statement: PARETO Procedure
      • Overview: VBAR Statement
      • Getting Started: VBAR Statement
        • Creating a Pareto Chart from Raw Data
        • Creating a Pareto Chart Using Frequency Data
        • Restricting the Number of Pareto Categories
      • Syntax: VBAR Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
    • INSET Statement: PARETO Procedure
      • Overview: INSET Statement
      • Getting Started: INSET Statement
        • Displaying Summary Statistics on a Pareto Chart
        • Customizing Labels and Formatting Values
        • Adding a Header and Positioning the Inset
      • Syntax: INSET Statement
        • Summary of INSET Keywords
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: INSET Statement
        • Positioning the Inset Using Compass Points
        • Positioning the Inset in the Margins
        • Positioning the Inset Using Coordinates
    • Details and Examples: PARETO Procedure
      • Details: PARETO Procedure
        • Terminology
        • Labels for Chart Features
        • Scaling the Cumulative Percent Curve
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Graphics
        • Constructing Effective Pareto Charts
        • Missing Values
        • Role of Variable Formats
        • Large Data Sets
      • Examples: PARETO Procedure
        • Creating Before-and-After Pareto Charts
        • Creating Two-Way Comparative Pareto Charts
        • Highlighting the “Vital Few”
        • Highlighting Combinations of Categories
        • Highlighting Combinations of Cells
        • Ordering Rows and Columns in a Comparative Pareto Chart
        • Merging Columns in a Comparative Pareto Chart
        • Creating Weighted Pareto Charts
        • Alternative Pareto Charts
    • References
  • The RELIABILITY Procedure
    • Overview: RELIABILITY Procedure
    • Getting Started: RELIABILITY Procedure
      • Analysis of Right-Censored Data from a Single Population
      • Weibull Analysis Comparing Groups of Data
      • Analysis of Accelerated Life Test Data
      • Weibull Analysis of Interval Data with Common Inspection Schedule
      • Lognormal Analysis with Arbitrary Censoring
      • Regression Modeling
      • Regression Model with Nonconstant Scale
      • Regression Model with Two Independent Variables
      • Weibull Probability Plot for Two Combined Failure Modes
      • Analysis of Recurrence Data on Repairs
      • Comparison of Two Samples of Repair Data
      • Analysis of Interval Age Recurrence Data
      • Analysis of Binomial Data
      • Three-Parameter Weibull
      • Parametric Model for Recurrent Events Data
      • Parametric Model for Interval Recurrent Events Data
    • Syntax: RELIABILITY Procedure
      • Primary Statements
      • Secondary Statements
      • Graphical Enhancement Statements
      • PROC RELIABILITY Statement
      • ANALYZE Statement
      • BY Statement
      • CLASS Statement
      • DISTRIBUTION Statement
      • EFFECTPLOT Statement
      • ESTIMATE Statement
      • FMODE Statement
      • FREQ Statement
      • INSET Statement
      • LOGSCALE Statement
      • LSMEANS Statement
      • LSMESTIMATE Statement
      • MAKE Statement
      • MCFPLOT Statement
      • MODEL Statement
      • NENTER Statement
      • NLOPTIONS Statement
      • PROBPLOT Statement
      • RELATIONPLOT Statement
      • SLICE Statement
      • STORE Statement
      • TEST Statement
      • UNITID Statement
    • Details: RELIABILITY Procedure
      • Abbreviations and Notation
      • Types of Lifetime Data
      • Probability Distributions
      • Probability Plotting
      • Nonparametric Confidence Intervals for Cumulative Failure Probabilities
      • Parameter Estimation and Confidence Intervals
      • Regression Model Statistics Computed for Each Observation for Lifetime Data
      • Regression Model Statistics Computed for Each Observation for Recurrent Events Data
      • Recurrence Data from Repairable Systems
      • ODS Table Names
      • ODS Graphics
    • References
  • The SHEWHART Procedure
    • Introduction: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Uses of Shewhart Charts
      • Characteristics of Shewhart Charts
      • Classification of Shewhart Charts
      • Learning to Use the SHEWHART Procedure
    • PROC SHEWHART and General Statements
      • Overview: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Syntax: SHEWHART Procedure
        • BY Statement
        • ID Statement
        • Graphical Enhancement Statements
        • PROC SHEWHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Input and Output Data Sets: SHEWHART Procedure
    • BOXCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: BOXCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: BOXCHART Statement
        • Creating Box Charts from Raw Data
        • Creating Box Charts from Subgroup Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: BOXCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: BOXCHART Statement
        • Constructing Box Charts
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Percentile Definitions
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: BOXCHART Statement
        • Using Box Charts to Compare Subgroups
        • Creating Various Styles of Box-and-Whisker Plots
        • Creating Notched Box-and-Whisker Plots
        • Creating Box-and-Whisker Plots with Varying Widths
        • Creating Box-and-Whisker Plots with Different Line Styles and Colors
        • Computing the Control Limits for Subgroup Maximums
        • Constructing Multi-Vari Charts
    • CCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: CCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: CCHART Statement
        • Creating c Charts from Defect Count Data
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
        • Creating c Charts from Nonconformities per Unit
        • Saving Nonconformities per Unit
      • Syntax: CCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: CCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Numbers of Nonconformities (c Charts)
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: CCHART Statement
        • Applying Tests for Special Causes
        • Specifying a Known Expected Number of Nonconformities
        • Creating c Charts for Varying Numbers of Units
    • IRCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: IRCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: IRCHART Statement
        • Creating Individual Measurements and Moving Range Charts
        • Saving Individual Measurements and Moving Ranges
        • Reading Individual Measurements and Moving Ranges
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
        • Specifying the Computation of the Moving Range
      • Syntax: IRCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: IRCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Individual Measurements and Moving Ranges
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Interpreting Charts for Individual Measurements and Moving Ranges
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: IRCHART Statement
        • Applying Tests for Special Causes
        • Specifying Standard Values for the Process Mean and Standard Deviation
        • Displaying Distributional Plots in the Margin
    • MCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: MCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: MCHART Statement
        • Creating Charts for Medians from Raw Data
        • Creating Charts for Medians from Subgroup Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: MCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: MCHART Statement
        • Constructing Median Charts
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: MCHART Statement
        • Controlling Value of Central Line
        • Estimating the Process Standard Deviation
    • MRCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: MRCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: MRCHART Statement
        • Creating Charts for Medians and Ranges from Raw Data
        • Creating Charts for Medians and Ranges from Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: MRCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: MRCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Medians and Ranges
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: MRCHART Statement
        • Working with Unequal Subgroup Sample Sizes
        • Specifying Axis Labels
    • NPCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: NPCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: NPCHART Statement
        • Creating np Charts from Count Data
        • Creating np Charts from Summary Data
        • Saving Proportions of Nonconforming Items
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: NPCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: NPCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Number Nonconforming (np Charts)
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: NPCHART Statement
        • Applying Tests for Special Causes
        • Specifying Standard Average Proportion
        • Working with Unequal Subgroup Sample Sizes
        • Specifying Control Limit Information
    • PCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: PCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: PCHART Statement
        • Creating p Charts from Count Data
        • Creating p Charts from Summary Data
        • Saving Proportions of Nonconforming Items
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: PCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: PCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Proportion Nonconforming (p Charts)
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: PCHART Statement
        • Applying Tests for Special Causes
        • Specifying Standard Average Proportion
        • Working with Unequal Subgroup Sample Sizes
        • Creating a Chart with Revised Control Limits
        • OC Curve for Chart
    • RCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: RCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: RCHART Statement
        • Creating Range Charts from Raw Data
        • Creating Range Charts from Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: RCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: RCHART Statement
        • Constructing Range Charts
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: RCHART Statement
        • Computing Probability Limits
        • Specifying Control Limit Information
    • SCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: SCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: SCHART Statement
        • Creating Standard Deviation Charts from Raw Data
        • Creating Standard Deviation Charts from Subgroup Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: SCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: SCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Standard Deviations
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: SCHART Statement
        • Specifying a Known Standard Deviation
        • Computing Average Run Lengths for s Charts
    • UCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: UCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: UCHART Statement
        • Creating u Charts from Defect Count Data
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
        • Creating u Charts from Nonconformities per Unit
        • Saving Nonconformities per Unit
      • Syntax: UCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: UCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Nonconformities per Unit (u Charts)
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: UCHART Statement
        • Applying Tests for Special Causes
        • Specifying a Known Expected Number of Nonconformities
        • Creating u Charts for Varying Numbers of Units
    • XCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: XCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: XCHART Statement
        • Creating Charts for Means from Raw Data
        • Creating Charts for Means from Subgroup Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: XCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: XCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Means
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: XCHART Statement
        • Applying Tests for Special Causes
        • Estimating the Process Standard Deviation
        • Plotting OC Curves for Mean Charts
        • Computing Process Capability Indices
    • XRCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: XRCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: XRCHART Statement
        • Creating Charts for Means and Ranges from Raw Data
        • Creating Charts for Means and Ranges from Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: XRCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: XRCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Means and Ranges
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Subgroup Variables
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Capability Indices
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: XRCHART Statement
        • Applying Tests for Special Causes
        • Specifying Standard Values for the Process Mean and Standard Deviation
        • Working with Unequal Subgroup Sample Sizes
    • XSCHART Statement: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: XSCHART Statement
      • Getting Started: XSCHART Statement
        • Creating Charts for Means and Standard Deviations from Raw Data
        • Creating Charts for Means and Standard Deviations from Summary Data
        • Saving Summary Statistics
        • Saving Control Limits
        • Reading Preestablished Control Limits
      • Syntax: XSCHART Statement
        • Summary of Options
      • Details: XSCHART Statement
        • Constructing Charts for Means and Standard Deviations
        • Output Data Sets
        • ODS Tables
        • ODS Graphics
        • Input Data Sets
        • Methods for Estimating the Standard Deviation
        • Axis Labels
        • Missing Values
      • Examples: XSCHART Statement
        • Specifying Probability Limits
        • Computing Subgroup Summary Statistics
        • Analyzing Nonnormal Process Data
    • INSET and INSET2 Statements: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: INSET and INSET2 Statements
      • Getting Started: INSET and INSET2 Statements
        • Displaying Summary Statistics on a Control Chart
        • Formatting Values and Customizing Labels
        • Adding a Header and Positioning the Inset
      • Syntax: INSET and INSET2 Statements
        • Summary of INSET Keywords
        • Summary of Options
        • Dictionary of Options
      • Details: INSET and INSET2 Statements
        • Positioning the Inset Using Compass Points
        • Positioning the Inset in the Margins
        • Positioning the Inset Using Coordinates
    • Dictionary of Options: SHEWHART Procedure
    • Graphical Enhancements: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: Graphical Enhancements
      • Displaying Stratified Process Data
        • Displaying Stratification in Levels of a Classification Variable
        • Displaying Stratification in Blocks of Observations
        • Displaying Stratification in Phases
      • Displaying Multiple Sets of Control Limits
      • Displaying Auxiliary Data with Stars
        • Creating a Basic Star Chart
        • Adding Reference Circles to Stars
        • Specifying the Style of Stars
        • Specifying the Method of Standardization
      • Displaying Trends in Process Data
        • Step 1: Preliminary Mean and Standard Deviation Charts
        • Step 2: Modeling the Trend
        • Step 3: Displaying the Trend Chart
      • Clipping Extreme Points
      • Labeling Axes
        • Default Labels
        • Labeling the Horizontal Axis
        • Labeling the Vertical Axis
      • Selecting Subgroups for Computation and Display
        • Using WHERE Statements
        • Using Switch Variables
    • Tests for Special Causes: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Standard Tests for Special Causes
        • Requesting Standard Tests
        • Interpreting Standard Tests for Special Causes
        • Modifying Standard Tests for Special Causes
        • Applying Tests with Varying Subgroup Sample Sizes
        • Labeling Signaled Points with a Variable
        • Applying Tests with Multiple Phases
        • Applying Tests with Multiple Sets of Control Limits
        • Enhancing the Display of Signaled Tests
      • Nonstandard Tests for Special Causes
        • Applying Tests to Range and Standard Deviation Charts
        • Applying Tests Based on Generalized Patterns
        • Customizing Tests with DATA Step Programs
    • Specialized Control Charts: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: Specialized Control Charts
      • Autocorrelation in Process Data
        • Diagnosing and Modeling Autocorrelation
        • Strategies for Handling Autocorrelation
      • Multiple Components of Variation
        • Preliminary Examination of Variation
        • Determining the Components of Variation
      • Short Run Process Control
        • Analyzing the Difference from Nominal
        • Testing for Constant Variances
        • Standardizing Differences from Nominal
      • Nonnormal Process Data
        • Creating a Preliminary Individual Measurements Chart
        • Calculating Probability Limits
      • Multivariate Control Charts
        • Calculating the Chart Statistic
        • Examining the Principal Component Contributions
    • Interactive Control Charts: SHEWHART Procedure
      • Overview: Interactive Control Charts
      • Details: Interactive Control Charts
        • Saving Graphics Coordinates in a Control Chart
        • Associating URLs with Subgroups in HTML
        • Links and Tests for Special Causes
    • References
  • The GAGE Application
    • Introduction
      • Terminology
    • Getting Started
      • Invoking the GAGE Application
      • Entering Data
      • Performing a Range Chart Analysis
      • Performing an Average Chart Analysis
      • Selecting a Statistical Method
      • Performing an Average and Range Analysis
      • Performing a Variance Components Analysis
      • Saving the Data
      • Entering Another Set of Data
      • Reading Data from a Data Set
    • Details
      • Range Chart
      • Average Chart
      • Average and Range Method
      • Variance Components Method
      • Creating a Data Set Outside the GAGE Application
      • Extensibility of the Application
    • References
  • The RELIABILITY Graphical Interface
  • Functions
    • Introduction
    • Function Descriptions
      • AOQ2 Function
      • ASN2 Function
      • ATI2 Function
      • BAYESACT Call
      • C4 Function
      • CUSUMARL Function
      • D2 Function
      • D3 Function
      • EWMAARL Function
      • PROBACC2 Function
      • PROBBNML Function
      • PROBHYPR Function
      • PROBMED Function
      • STDMED Function
    • Details
      • Types of Sampling Plans
      • Evaluating Single-Sampling Plans
      • Evaluating Double-Sampling Plans
      • Deriving Control Chart Constants
    • References
  • Special Fonts in SAS/QC Software
    • Introduction
    • Font Selection


ProductRelease
SAS/QC12.3
Type
Usage and Reference
Copyright Date
July 2013
Last Updated
08Jul2013