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Statements, Functions, and Subroutines by Category

Mathematical Functions

ALLCOMB: generates all combinations of $\text{[math]}$ elements taken $\text{[math]}$ at a time
ALLPERM: generates all permutations of $\text{[math]}$ elements
ABS function: computes the absolute value
EXP function: applies the exponential function
INT function: truncates a value
LOG function: computes the natural logarithm
MOD function: computes the modulo (remainder)
SQRT function: computes the square root
RANCOMB: returns random combinations of $\text{[math]}$ elements taken $\text{[math]}$ at a time
RANPERM: returns random permutations of $\text{[math]}$ elements

You can also call any function in Base SAS software, such as those documented in the following sections:

Reduction Functions

MAX function: finds the maximum value of a matrix
MIN function: finds the smallest element of a matrix
PROD function: multiplies all elements
SSQ function: computes the sum of squares of all elements
SUM function: sums all elements

Matrix Inquiry Functions

ALL function: checks for all nonzero elements
ANY function: checks for any nonzero elements
COUNTMISS function: returns the number of missing values
COUNTN function: returns the number of nonmissing values
COUNTUNIQUE function: returns the number of unique values
CHOOSE function: conditionally chooses and changes elements
LOC function: finds indices for the nonzero elements of a matrix
NCOL function: finds the number of columns of a matrix
NLENG function: finds the size of an element
NROW function: finds the number of rows of a matrix
TYPE function: determines the type of a matrix

Matrix Sorting and BY-Group Processing Functions

SORT call: sorts a matrix by specified columns
SORTNDX call: creates a sorted index for a matrix
UNIQUEBY function: finds locations of unique BY groups in a sorted or indexed matrix

Matrix Reshaping Functions

BLOCK function: forms block-diagonal matrices
BTRAN function: computes a block transpose
DIAG function: creates a diagonal matrix
DO function: produces an arithmetic series
FULL function: converts a matrix stored in a sparse format into a full (dense) matrix
I function: creates an identity matrix
INSERT function: inserts one matrix inside another
J function: creates a matrix of identical values
REMOVE function: discards elements from a matrix
REPEAT function: creates a new matrix of repeated values
SHAPE function: reshapes and repeats values
SHAPECOL function: reshapes and repeats values by columns
SPARSE function: converts a matrix that contains many zeros into a matrix stored in a sparse format
SQRSYM function: converts a symmetric matrix to a square matrix
SQRVECH function: converts a symmetric matrix which is stored columnwise to a square matrix
SYMSQR function: converts a square matrix to a symmetric matrix
T function: transposes a matrix
VECH function: creates a vector from the columns of the lower triangular elements of a matrix
VECDIAG function: creates a vector from a diagonal

Character Manipulation Functions

BYTE function: translates numbers to ordinal characters
CHANGE call: replaces text
CHAR function: produces a character representation of a matrix
CONCAT function: concatenates elementwise strings
CSHAPE function: reshapes and repeats character values
LENGTH function: finds the lengths of character matrix elements
NAME function: lists the names of arguments
NUM function: produces a numeric representation of a character matrix
ROWCAT function: concatenates rows without using blank compression
ROWCATC function: concatenates rows by using blank compression
SUBSTR function: takes substrings of matrix elements

You can also call functions in Base SAS software such as those documented in Character and Formatting Functions and Character String Matching Functions and Subroutines.

Functions for Random Number Generation

NORMAL function: generates a pseudorandom normal deviate
RANDGEN call: generates random numbers from specified distributions
RANDSEED call: initializes seed for subsequent RANDGEN calls
UNIFORM function: generates pseudorandom uniform deviates

You can also call functions in Base SAS software such as those documented in Random Number Functions and Subroutines.

Statistical Functions

BIN function: divides numeric values into a set of disjoint intervals
BRANKS function: computes bivariate ranks
CORR function: computes correlation statistics
COUNTMISS function: counts the number of missing values
COUNTN function: counts the number of nonmissing values
COUNTUNIQUE function: returns the number of unique values
COV function: computes a sample variance-covariance matrix
CUSUM function: computes cumulative sums
CUPROD function: computes cumulative products
DESIGN function: creates a design matrix
DESIGNF function: creates a full-rank design matrix
GEOMEAN function: computes geometric means
HADAMARD function: creates a Hadamard matrix
HARMEAN function: computes harmonic means
IPF call: performs an iterative proportional fit of a contingency table
LAV call: performs linear least absolute value regression by solving the $\text{[math]}$ norm minimization problem
LMS call: performs robust least median of squares (LMS) regression
LTS call: performs robust least trimmed squares (LTS) regression
MAD function: finds the univariate (scaled) median absolute deviation
MARG call: evaluates marginal totals in a multiway contingency table
MAXQFORM call: computes the subsets of a matrix system that maximize the quadratic form
MCD call: finds the minimum covariance determinant estimator
MEAN function: computes sample means
MVE call: finds the minimum volume ellipsoid estimator
OPSCAL function: rescales qualitative data to be a least squared fit to qualitative data
QNTL call: computes sample quantiles (percentiles)
RANGE function: returns the range of values for a set of matrices.
RANK function: ranks elements of a matrix, breaking ties arbitrarily
RANKTIE function: ranks elements of a matrix
SEQ call: performs discrete sequential tests
SEQSCALE call: performs estimates of scales associated with discrete sequential tests
SEQSHIFT call: performs estimates of means associated with discrete sequential tests
STD function: computes a sample standard deviation
TABULATE call: counts the number of unique values in a vector
SWEEP function: sweeps a matrix
VAR function: computes a sample variance

You can also call functions in Base SAS software such as those documented in Descriptive Statistics Functions and Subroutines.

Time Series Functions

ARMACOV call: computes an autocovariance sequence for an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model
ARMALIK call: computes the log likelihood and residuals for an ARMA model
ARMASIM function: simulates an ARMA series
CONVEXIT function: computes convexity of a noncontingent cash flow
COVLAG function: computes autocovariance estimates for a vector time series
DIF function: computes the difference between a value and a lagged value
DURATION function: computes modified duration of a noncontingent cash flow
FARMACOV call: computes the autocovariance function for an autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) model of the form ARFIMA( $\text{[math]}$ )
FARMAFIT call: estimates the parameters of an ARFIMA( $\text{[math]}$ ) model
FARMALIK call: computes the log-likelihood function of an ARFIMA( $\text{[math]}$ ) model
FARMASIM call: generates an ARFIMA( $\text{[math]}$ ) process
FDIF call: computes a fractionally differenced process
FORWARD function: computes forward rates
KALCVF call: computes the one-step prediction $\text{[math]}$ and the filtered estimate $\text{[math]}$ , in addition to their covariance matrices. The call uses forward recursions, and you can also use it to obtain $\text{[math]}$ -step estimates.
KALCVS call: uses backward recursions to compute the smoothed estimate $\text{[math]}$ and its covariance matrix, $\text{[math]}$ , where $\text{[math]}$ is the number of observations in the complete data set
KALDFF call: computes the one-step forecast of state vectors in a state space model (SSM) by using the diffuse Kalman filter. The call estimates the conditional expectation of $\text{[math]}$ , and it also estimates the initial random vector, $\text{[math]}$ , and its covariance matrix.
KALDFS call: computes the smoothed state vector and its mean squares error matrix from the one-step forecast and mean squares error matrix computed by the KALDFF subroutine.
LAG function: computes lagged values
PV function: computes the present value
RATES function: converts interest rates from one base to another
SPOT function: computes spot rates
TSBAYSEA call: performs Bayesian seasonal adjustment modeling
TSDECOMP call: analyzes nonstationary time series by using smoothness priors modeling
TSMLOCAR call: analyzes nonstationary or locally stationary time series by using a method that minimizes Akaike’s information criterion (AIC)
TSMLOMAR call: analyzes nonstationary or locally stationary multivariate time series by using a method that minimizes Akaike’s information criterion (AIC)
TSMULMAR call: estimates vector autoregressive (VAR) processes by minimizing the AIC
TSPEARS call: analyzes periodic autoregressive (AR) models by minimizing the AIC
TSPRED call: provides predicted values of univariate and multivariate ARMA processes when the ARMA coefficients are given
TSROOT call: computes AR and moving average (MA) coefficients from the characteristic roots of the model, or computes the characteristic roots of the model from the AR and MA coefficients
TSTVCAR call: analyzes time series that are nonstationary in the covariance function
TSUNIMAR call: determines the order of an AR process by minimizing the AIC, and estimates the AR coefficients
VARMACOV call: computes the theoretical cross-covariance matrices for a stationary vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA( $\text{[math]}$ )) model
VARMALIK call: computes the log-likelihood function for a VARMA( $\text{[math]}$ ) model
VARMASIM call: generates VARMA( $\text{[math]}$ ) time series
VNORMAL call: generates multivariate normal random series
VTSROOT call: computes the characteristic roots for a VARMA( $\text{[math]}$ ) model
YIELD function: computes yield-to-maturity of a cash-flow stream

You can also call functions in Base SAS software such as those documented in Financial Functions.

Numerical Analysis Functions

BSPLINE function: computes a B-spline basis
FFT function: performs the finite Fourier transform
IFFT function: computes the inverse finite Fourier transform
JROOT function: computes the first nonzero roots of a Bessel function of the first kind and the derivative of the Bessel function at each root
ODE call: performs numerical integration of first-order vector differential equations with initial boundary conditions
ORPOL function: generates orthogonal polynomials on a discrete set of data
ORTVEC call: provides columnwise orthogonalization by the Gram-Schmidt process and stepwise QR decomposition by the Gram-Schmidt process
POLYROOT function: finds zeros of a real polynomial
PRODUCT function: multiplies matrices of polynomials
QUAD call: performs numerical integration of scalar functions in one dimension over infinite, connected semi-infinite, and connected finite intervals
RATIO function: divides matrix polynomials
SPLINE call: fits a cubic spline to data
SPLINEC call: fits a cubic spline to data and returns the spline coefficients
SPLINEV function: evaluates a cubic spline at new data points
TPSPLINE call: computes thin-plate smoothing splines
TPSPLNEV call: evaluates the thin-plate smoothing spline at new data points

Linear Algebra functions

APPCORT call: computes a complete orthogonal decomposition
COMPORT call: computes a complete orthogonal decomposition by Householder transformations
CVEXHULL function: finds a convex hull of a set of planar points
DET function: computes the determinant of a square matrix
ECHELON function: reduces a matrix to row-echelon normal form
EIGEN call: computes eigenvalues and eigenvectors
EIGVAL function: computes eigenvalues
EIGVEC function: computes eigenvectors
GENEIG call: computes eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a generalized eigenproblem
GINV function: computes a generalized inverse
GSORTH call: computes the Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization
HALF function: computes the Cholesky decomposition
HANKEL function: generates a Hankel matrix
HDIR function: performs a horizontal direct product
HERMITE function: reduces a matrix to Hermite normal form
HOMOGEN function: solves homogeneous linear systems
INV function: computes the inverse
INVUPDT function: updates a matrix inverse
ITSOLVER call: solves a sparse general linear system by iteration
LUPDT call: provides updating and downdating for rank-deficient linear least squares solutions, complete orthogonal factorization, and Moore-Penrose inverses
QR call: computes the QR decomposition of a matrix by Householder transformations
RDODT call: downdates and updates QR and Cholesky decompositions
ROOT function: performs the Cholesky decomposition of a matrix
RUPDT call: updates QR and Cholesky decompositions
RZLIND call: updates QR and Cholesky decompositions
SOLVE function: solves a system of linear equations
SOLVELIN call: solves a sparse symmetric system of linear equations by direct decomposition
SVD call: computes the singular value decomposition
TOEPLITZ function: generates a Toeplitz or block-Toeplitz matrix
TRACE function: sums diagonal elements
TRISOLV function: solves linear systems with triangular matrices
XMULT function: performs extended-precision matrix multiplication

Optimization Subroutines

LCP call: solves the linear complementarity problem
LP call: solves the linear programming problem
NLPCG call: performs nonlinear optimization by conjugate gradient method
NLPDD call: performs nonlinear optimization by double-dogleg method
NLPFDD call: approximates derivatives by finite-differences method
NLPFEA call: computes feasible points subject to constraints
NLPHQN call: computes hybrid quasi-Newton least squares
NLPLM call: computes Levenberg-Marquardt least squares
NLPNMS call: performs nonlinear optimization by Nelder-Mead simplex method
NLPNRA call: performs nonlinear optimization by Newton-Raphson method
NLPNRR call: performs nonlinear optimization by Newton-Raphson ridge method
NLPQN call: performs nonlinear optimization by quasi-Newton method
NLPQUA call: performs nonlinear optimization by quadratic method
NLPTR call: performs nonlinear optimization by trust-region method
Nonlinear optimization and related subroutines: lists the nonlinear optimization and related subroutines in SAS/IML software

Set functions

ELEMENT function: finds elements that are contained in a set
SETDIF function: compares elements of two matrices
UNION function: performs unions of sets
UNIQUE function: sorts and removes duplicates
XSECT function: intersects sets

Control Statements

ABORT statement: ends PROC IML
APPLY function: applies a module to arguments
CALL statement: calls a subroutine or function
DO statement: groups statements as a unit
DO, iterative statement: iteratively executes a DO group
DO UNTIL statement: iteratively executes statements until a condition is satisfied
DO WHILE statement: iteratively executes statements while a condition is satisfied
END statement: ends a DO loop or DO statement
EXECUTE call: executes statements at run time
FINISH statement: denotes the end of a module
FREE statement: frees matrix storage space
GOTO statement: jumps to a new statement
IF-THEN/ELSE statement: conditionally executes statement
LINK statement: jumps to another statement
MATTRIB statement: associates printing attributes with matrices
PAUSE statement: interrupts module execution
PRINT statement: prints matrix values
PURGE statement: removes observations marked for deletion and renumbers records
PUSH call: pushes statements to the beginning of the command input stream
QUEUE call: queues statements at the end of the command input stream
QUIT statement: exits from PROC IML
REMOVE statement: removes matrices from storage
RESET statement: sets processing options
RESUME statement: resumes execution
RETURN statement: returns to caller
RUN statement: executes statements in a module
SHOW statement: prints system information
SOUND call: produces a tone
START statement: defines a module
STOP statement: stops execution of statements
STORAGE function: lists names of matrices and modules in storage
STORE statement: stores matrices and modules in library storage
VALSET call: performs indirect assignment
VALUE function: assigns values by indirect reference

Data Set and File Functions

APPEND statement: adds observations to SAS data set
CLOSE statement: closes a SAS data set
CLOSEFILE statement: closes a file
CONTENTS function: returns the variables in a SAS data set
CREATE statement: creates a new SAS data set
DATASETS function: obtains the names of SAS data sets
DELETE call: deletes a SAS data set
DELETE statement: marks observations in a data set for deletion
DO DATA statement: repeats a loop until an end of file occurs
EDIT statement: opens a SAS data set for editing
FILE statement: opens or points to an external file
FIND statement: finds observations
FORCE statement: is an alias for the SAVE statement
INDEX statement: indexes a variable in a SAS data set
INFILE statement: opens a file for input
INPUT statement: inputs data
LIST statement: displays observations of a data set
LOAD statement: loads modules and matrices from library storage
PUT statement: writes data to an external file
READ statement: reads observations from a data set
RENAME call: renames a SAS data set
REPLACE statement: replaces values in observations and updates observations
SAVE statement: saves data
SETIN statement: makes a data set current for input
SETOUT statement: makes a data set current for output
SORT statement: sorts a SAS data set
SUMMARY statement: computes summary statistics for SAS data sets
USE statement: opens a SAS data set for reading

Graphics and Window functions

DISPLAY statement: displays fields in a display window
GBLKVP call: defines a blanking viewport
GBLKVPD call: deletes the blanking viewport
GCLOSE call: closes the graphics segment
GDELETE call: deletes a graphics segment
GDRAW call: draws a polyline
GDRAWL call: draws individual lines
GGRID call: draws a grid
GINCLUDE call: includes a graphics segment
GOPEN call: opens a graphics segment
GPIE call: draws pie slices
GPIEXY call: converts from polar to world coordinates
GPOINT call: plots points
GPOLY call: draws and fills a polygon
GPORT call: defines a viewport
GPORTPOP call: pops the viewport
GPORTSTK call: stacks the viewport
GSCALE call: computes round numbers for labeling axes
GSCRIPT call: writes multiple text strings with special fonts
GSET call: sets attributes for a graphics segment
GSHOW call: shows a graph
GSTART call: initializes the graphics system
GSTOP call: deactivates the graphics system
GSTRLEN call: finds the string length
GTEXT call: places text horizontally on a graph
GVTEXT call: places text vertically on a graph
GWINDOW call: defines the data window
GXAXIS call: draws a horizontal axis
GYAXIS call: draws a vertical axis
PGRAF call: produces scatter plots
ODSGRAPH call: renders a graph by using ODS Statistical Graphics
WINDOW statement: opens a display window

Wavelet Analysis functions

WAVFT call: computes a wavelet transform of one dimensional data
WAVGET call: returns requested information about a wavelet transform
WAVIFT call: inverts a wavelet transform after applying thresholding to the detail coefficients
WAVPRINT call: displays information about a wavelet transform
WAVTHRSH call: applies specified thresholding to the detail coefficients of a wavelet transform

Genetic Algorithm functions

GAEND call: terminates a genetic algorithm and frees memory resources
GAGETMEM call: gets requested members and objective values from the current solution population
GAGETVAL call: gets objective function values for a requested member of current solution population
GAINIT call: initializes the initial solution population
GAREEVAL call: reevaluates the objective function for all solutions in the current population
GASETCRO call: specifies a current crossover operator
GASETMUT call: specifies a current mutation operator
GASETOBJ call: specifies a current objective function
GASETSEL call: specifies a current selection parameters
GASETUP function: sets up a specific genetic algorithm optimization problem

Calling External Modules

MODULEI call: calls an external routine that has no return code
MODULEIC call: calls an external routine that returns a character
MODULEIN call: calls an external routine that returns a numeric value

Calling SAS statements or R Functions

SUBMIT statement: calls SAS procedures, DATA steps, or macros. You can also use the R option to call functions in the R language.
ENDSUBMIT statement: defines a block of submitted statements. All statements between the SUBMIT and ENDSUBMIT statements are sent to the SAS System or R for processing.
EXPORTDATASETTOR call: transfers data from a SAS data set into an R data frame
EXPORTMATRIXTOR call: transfers data from a SAS/IML matrix into an R matrix
IMPORTDATASETFROMR call: transfers data from a matrix or data frame into a SAS data set
IMPORTMATRIXFROMR call: transfers data from a matrix or data frame into a SAS/IML matrix