The SEQDESIGN Procedure

This example illustrates sample size computation for survival data when the accrual is uniform and when the data do not contain individual loss to follow-up.

Suppose that a clinic is conducting a study of the effect of a new cancer treatment. The study consists of exposing mice to a carcinogen and randomly assigning them to either the control group or the treatment group. The event of interest is death from cancer induced by the carcinogen, and the response is the time from randomization to death.

Following the derivations in the section Test for Two Survival Distributions with a Log-Rank Test, the hypothesis with the alternative hypothesis is used, where is the hazard ratio between the treatment group and the control group.

Also suppose that from past experience, the median survival time for the control group is weeks, and the study wants to detect a median survival time, weeks, with an 80% power in the trial. Assuming exponential survival functions for the two groups, the hazard rates can be computed from

where j = 0, 1.

Thus, the hazard rates are and under the null and alternative hypotheses, respectively.

The following statements invoke the SEQDESIGN procedure and specify the SAMPLESIZE statement to derive required sample sizes for a log-rank test that compares two survival distributions for the treatment effect (Jennison and Turnbull 2000, pp. 77–79; Whitehead 1997, pp. 36–39):

proc seqdesign;
   ErrorSpend: design nstages=4 method=errfuncobf
               ;
   samplesize model=twosamplesurvival
                   ( nullhazard=0.03466 hazard=0.01733
                     accrual=uniform accrate=15);
run;

In the SAMPLESIZE statement, the MODEL=TWOSAMPLESURVIVAL option specifies a log-rank test to compare two survival distributions for the treatment effect. The NULLHAZARD=0.03466 option specifies null hazard rates for the two groups under the null hypothesis, and the HAZARD=0.01733 option specifies the hazard rate for the first group under the alternative hypothesis.

The ACCRUAL= option specifies the method for individual accrual. The ACCRUAL=UNIFORM option (which is the default) specifies that the individual accrual is uniform with a constant accrual rate, and the ACCRATE= option specifies the accrual rate.

You do not have to specify the alternative reference explicitly for the sample size computation in the SEQDESIGN procedure. For the specified null and alternative hazards, and , the hazard ratio , and the alternative reference is

For a detailed derivation of these required sample sizes, see the section Test for Two Survival Distributions with a Log-Rank Test.

The "Design Information" table in Output 101.14.1 displays design specifications and four derived statistics: the actual maximum information, the maximum information, the average sample number under the null hypothesis (Null Ref ASN), and the average sample number under the alternative hypothesis (Alt Ref ASN).

The "Boundary Information" table in Output 101.14.2 displays the information level, including the proportion, actual level, and corresponding number of events at each stage. The table also displays the lower and upper alternative references, and the lower and upper boundary values at each stage.

The "Sample Size Summary" table in Output 101.14.3 displays parameters for the sample size computation. Because the ACCTIME= option is not specified along with the ACCRATE= option, the minimum and maximum accrual times are derived.

With the minimum and maximum accrual times of 5.9386 and 23.7847, respectively, the ACCTIME=18 option specifies an accrual time of 18 for the trial.

The following statements invoke the SEQDESIGN procedure and specify the ACCTIME=18 option in the SAMPLESIZE statement to derive required sample sizes:

proc seqdesign;
   ErrorSpend: design nstages=4 method=errfuncobf
               ;
   samplesize model(ceiladjdesign=include)=twosamplesurvival
                   ( nullhazard=0.03466 hazard=0.01733
                     accrual=uniform accrate=15 acctime=18
                     ceiling=time);
run;

When CEILADJDESIGN=INCLUDE in the SAMPLESIZE statement, the "Design Information" table in Output 101.14.4 also displays the information for the adjusted design with ceiling times at the stages.

Because of the ceiling sample sizes in the adjusted design, Type I and Type II error levels cannot be maintained simultaneously. When BOUNDARYKEY=BOTH (the default) in the DESIGN statement, only the Type I error level is maintained for the adjusted design. The adjusted design has a power of 0.91168, and it reflects the change of maximum information from 22.2696 to 23.2319.

The "Sample Size Summary" table in Output 101.14.5 displays the follow-up time and maximum sample size with the specified accrual time. When you specify the CEILING=TIME option (which is the default), the required times at the stages are rounded up to integers for additional statistics, and the table also displays the follow-up time and total time that correspond to these ceiling times at the stages.

The "Number of Events (D) and Sample Sizes (N)" table in Output 101.14.6 displays the required time at each stage, in both fractional and integer numbers. The derived times under the heading "Fractional Time" are not integers. These times are rounded up to integers under the heading "Ceiling Time." The table also displays the numbers of events and sample sizes at each stage.

The "Ceiling-Adjusted Design Boundary Information" table in Output 101.14.7 displays boundary information, similar to Output 101.14.2 but with ceiling times at the stages.

Because the times have integer values, the information levels at the stages are not equally spaced in this example, but the design is still an O’Brien-Fleming error spending design.

Alternatively, you can specify the CEILING=N option in the SAMPLESIZE statement as follows to derive additional sample size information that includes ceiling sample sizes at each stage:

proc seqdesign;
   ErrorSpend: design nstages=4 method=errfuncobf
               ;
   samplesize model(ceiladjdesign=include)=twosamplesurvival
                   ( nullhazard=0.03466 hazard=0.01733
                     accrual=uniform accrate=15 acctime=18
                     ceiling=n);
run;

When CEILING=N, the required sample sizes at the stages are rounded up to integers, and the ceiling-adjusted design has ceiling sample sizes at the stages.