# The QLIM Procedure

### Limited Dependent Variable Models

Subsections:

#### Censored Regression Models

When the dependent variable is censored, values in a certain range are all transformed to a single value. For example, the standard tobit model can be defined as

where . The log-likelihood function of the standard censored regression model is

where is the cumulative density function of the standard normal distribution and is the probability density function of the standard normal distribution.

The tobit model can be generalized to handle observation-by-observation censoring. The censored model on both of the lower and upper limits can be defined as

The log-likelihood function can be written as

Log-likelihood functions of the lower- or upper-limit censored model are easily derived from the two-limit censored model. The log-likelihood function of the lower-limit censored model is

The log-likelihood function of the upper-limit censored model is

#### Types of Tobit Models

Amemiya (1984) classified Tobit models into five types based on characteristics of the likelihood function. For notational convenience, let denote a distribution or density function, is assumed to be normally distributed with mean and variance .

Type 1 Tobit

The Type 1 Tobit model was already discussed in the preceding section.

The likelihood function is characterized as .

Type 2 Tobit

The Type 2 Tobit model is defined as

where . The likelihood function is described as .

Type 3 Tobit

The Type 3 Tobit model is different from the Type 2 Tobit in that of the Type 3 Tobit is observed when .

where .

The likelihood function is characterized as .

Type 4 Tobit

The Type 4 Tobit model consists of three equations:

where . The likelihood function of the Type 4 Tobit model is characterized as .

Type 5 Tobit

The Type 5 Tobit model is defined as follows:

where are from iid trivariate normal distribution. The likelihood function of the Type 5 Tobit model is characterized as .

Code examples for these models can be found in Types of Tobit Models.

#### Truncated Regression Models

In a truncated model, the observed sample is a subset of the population where the dependent variable falls in a certain range. For example, when neither a dependent variable nor exogenous variables are observed for , the truncated regression model can be specified.

Two-limit truncation model is defined as

The log-likelihood function of the two-limit truncated regression model is

The log-likelihood functions of the lower- and upper-limit truncation model are