TABLES Statement

TABLES requests </ options> ;

The TABLES statement requests one-way to n-way frequency and crosstabulation tables and statistics for those tables.

If you omit the TABLES statement, PROC FREQ generates one-way frequency tables for all data set variables that are not listed in the other statements.

The following argument is required in the TABLES statement.

requests

specify the frequency and crosstabulation tables to produce. A request is composed of one variable name or several variable names separated by asterisks. To request a one-way frequency table, use a single variable. To request a two-way crosstabulation table, use an asterisk between two variables. To request a multiway table (an n-way table, where n>2), separate the desired variables with asterisks. The unique values of these variables form the rows, columns, and strata of the table. You can include up to 50 variables in a single multiway table request.

For two-way to multiway tables, the values of the last variable form the crosstabulation table columns, while the values of the next-to-last variable form the rows. Each level (or combination of levels) of the other variables forms one stratum. PROC FREQ produces a separate crosstabulation table for each stratum. For example, a specification of A*B*C*D in a TABLES statement produces k tables, where k is the number of different combinations of values for A and B. Each table lists the values for C down the side and the values for D across the top.

You can use multiple TABLES statements in the PROC FREQ step. PROC FREQ builds all the table requests in one pass of the data, so that there is essentially no loss of efficiency. You can also specify any number of table requests in a single TABLES statement. To specify multiple table requests quickly, use a grouping syntax by placing parentheses around several variables and joining other variables or variable combinations. For example, the statements shown in Table 36.8 illustrate grouping syntax.

Table 36.8 Grouping Syntax

TABLES Request

Equivalent to

A*(B C)

A*B   A*C

(A B)*(C D)

A*C   B*C   A*D   B*D

(A B C)*D

A*D   B*D   C*D

A – – C

A   B   C

(A – – C)*D

A*D   B*D   C*D

The TABLES statement variables are one or more variables from the DATA= input data set. These variables can be either character or numeric, but the procedure treats them as categorical variables. PROC FREQ uses the formatted values of the TABLES variable to determine the categorical variable levels. So if you assign a format to a variable with a FORMAT statement, PROC FREQ formats the values before dividing observations into the levels of a frequency or crosstabulation table. See the discussion of the FORMAT procedure in the Base SAS Procedures Guide and the discussions of the FORMAT statement and SAS formats in SAS Language Reference: Dictionary.

If you use PROC FORMAT to create a user-written format that combines missing and nonmissing values into one category, PROC FREQ treats the entire category of formatted values as missing. See the discussion in the section Grouping with Formats for more information.

By default, the frequency or crosstabulation table lists the values of both character and numeric variables in ascending order based on internal (unformatted) variable values. You can change the order of the values in the table by specifying the ORDER= option in the PROC FREQ statement. To list the values in ascending order by formatted value, use ORDER=FORMATTED.

Without Options

If you request a one-way frequency table for a variable without specifying options, PROC FREQ produces frequencies, cumulative frequencies, percentages of the total frequency, and cumulative percentages for each value of the variable. If you request a two-way or an n-way crosstabulation table without specifying options, PROC FREQ produces crosstabulation tables that include cell frequencies, cell percentages of the total frequency, cell percentages of row frequencies, and cell percentages of column frequencies. The procedure excludes observations with missing values from the table but displays the total frequency of missing observations below each table.

Options

Table 36.9 lists the options available in the TABLES statement. Descriptions of the options follow in alphabetical order.

Table 36.9 TABLES Statement Options

Option

Description

Control Statistical Analysis

AGREE

Requests tests and measures of classification agreement

ALL

Requests tests and measures of association produced by CHISQ,

 

MEASURES, and CMH

ALPHA=

Sets the confidence level for confidence limits

BDT

Requests Tarone’s adjustment for the Breslow-Day test

BINOMIAL

Requests binomial proportion, confidence limits, and tests

 

for one-way tables

BINOMIALC

Requests BINOMIAL statistics with a continuity correction

CHISQ

Requests chi-square tests and measures based on chi-square

CL

Requests confidence limits for the MEASURES statistics

CMH

Requests all Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics

CMH1

Requests CMH correlation statistic, adjusted odds ratios,

 

and adjusted relative risks

CMH2

Requests CMH correlation and row mean scores (ANOVA)

 

statistics, adjusted odds ratios, and adjusted relative risks

CONVERGE=

Specifies convergence criterion for polychoric correlation

FISHER

Requests Fisher’s exact test for tables larger than

GAILSIMON

Requests Gail-Simon test for qualitative interactions

JT

Requests Jonckheere-Terpstra test

MAXITER=

Specifies maximum number of iterations for polychoric correlation

MEASURES

Requests measures of association

MISSING

Treats missing values as nonmissing

PLCORR

Requests polychoric correlation

RELRISK

Requests relative risk measures for tables

RISKDIFF

Requests risks and risk differences for tables

SCORES=

Specifies the type of row and column scores

TESTF=

Specifies expected frequencies for one-way chi-square test

TESTP=

Specifies expected proportions for one-way chi-square test

TREND

Requests Cochran-Armitage test for trend

Control Additional Table Information

CELLCHI2

Displays cell contributions to the Pearson chi-square statistic

CUMCOL

Displays cumulative column percentages

DEVIATION

Displays deviations of cell frequencies from expected values

EXPECTED

Displays expected cell frequencies

MISSPRINT

Displays missing value frequencies

SPARSE

Includes all possible combinations of variable levels

 

in LIST and OUT=

TOTPCT

Displays percentages of total frequency for n-way tables ()

CONTENTS=

Specifies the contents label for crosstabulation tables

CROSSLIST

Displays crosstabulation tables in ODS column format

FORMAT=

Formats the frequencies in crosstabulation tables

LIST

Displays two-way to n-way tables in list format

NOCOL

Suppresses display of column percentages

NOCUM

Suppresses display of cumulative frequencies and percentages

NOFREQ

Suppresses display of frequencies

NOPERCENT

Suppresses display of percentages

NOPRINT

Suppresses display of crosstabulation tables but displays statistics

NOROW

Suppresses display of row percentages

NOSPARSE

Suppresses zero frequency levels in CROSSLIST, LIST and OUT=

NOWARN

Suppresses log warning message for the chi-square test

PRINTKWT

Displays kappa coefficient weights

SCOROUT

Displays row and column scores

Produce Statistical Graphics

PLOTS=

Requests plots from ODS Graphics

Create an Output Data Set

OUT=

Names an output data set to contain frequency counts

OUTCUM

Includes cumulative frequencies and percentages

 

in the output data set for one-way tables

OUTEXPECT

Includes expected frequencies in the output data set

OUTPCT

Includes row, column, and two-way table percentages

 

in the output data set

You can specify the following options in a TABLES statement.

AGREE <(WT=FC)>

requests tests and measures of classification agreement for square tables. The AGREE option provides McNemar’s test for tables and Bowker’s test of symmetry for square tables with more than two response categories. The AGREE option also produces the simple kappa coefficient, the weighted kappa coefficient, their asymptotic standard errors, and their confidence limits. When there are multiple strata, the AGREE option provides overall simple and weighted kappas as well as tests for equal kappas among strata. When there are multiple strata and two response categories, PROC FREQ computes Cochran’s test. See the section Tests and Measures of Agreement for details about these statistics.

If you specify the WT=FC option in parentheses following the AGREE option, PROC FREQ uses Fleiss-Cohen weights to compute the weighted kappa coefficient. By default, PROC FREQ uses Cicchetti-Allison weights. See the section Weighted Kappa Coefficient for details. You can specify the PRINTKWT option to display the kappa coefficient weights.

AGREE statistics are computed only for square tables, where the number of rows equals the number of columns. If your table is not square due to observations with zero weights, you can specify the ZEROS option in the WEIGHT statement to include these observations. For more details, see the section Tables with Zero Rows and Columns.

You can use the TEST statement to request asymptotic tests for the simple and weighted kappa coefficients. You can request exact p-values for the simple and weighted kappa coefficient tests, as well as for McNemar’s test, by specifying the corresponding options in the EXACT statement. See the section Exact Statistics for more information.

ALL

requests all of the tests and measures that are computed by the CHISQ, MEASURES, and CMH options. The number of CMH statistics computed can be controlled by the CMH1 and CMH2 options.

ALPHA=

specifies the level of confidence limits. The value of must be between 0 and 1, and the default is 0.05. A confidence level of produces % confidence limits. The default of ALPHA=0.05 produces 95% confidence limits.

ALPHA= applies to confidence limits requested by TABLES statement options. There is a separate ALPHA= option in the EXACT statement that sets the level of confidence limits for Monte Carlo estimates of exact p-values, which are requested in the EXACT statement.

BDT

requests Tarone’s adjustment in the Breslow-Day test for homogeneity of odds ratios. (You must specify the CMH option to compute the Breslow-Day test.) See the section Breslow-Day Test for Homogeneity of the Odds Ratios for more information.

BINOMIAL <(binomial-options)>

requests the binomial proportion for one-way tables. When you specify the BINOMIAL option, by default PROC FREQ also provides the asymptotic standard error, asymptotic (Wald) and exact (Clopper-Pearson) confidence limits, and the asymptotic equality test for the binomial proportion.

You can specify binomial-options inside parentheses following the BINOMIAL option. The LEVEL= binomial-option identifies the variable level for which to compute the proportion. If you do not specify LEVEL=, PROC FREQ computes the proportion for the first level that appears in the output. The P= binomial-option specifies the null proportion for the binomial tests. If you do not specify P=, PROC FREQ uses P=0.5 by default.

You can also specify binomial-options to request additional tests and confidence limits for the binomial proportion. The EQUIV, NONINF, and SUP binomial-options request tests of equivalence, noninferiority, and superiority, respectively. Table 36.10 summarizes the binomial-options.

Available confidence limits for the binomial proportion include Agresti-Coull, exact (Clopper-Pearson), Jeffreys, Wald, and Wilson (score) confidence limits. You can specify more than one type of binomial confidence limits in the same analysis. If you do not specify any confidence limit requests with binomial-options, PROC FREQ computes Wald asymptotic confidence limits and exact (Clopper-Pearson) confidence limits by default. The ALPHA= option determines the confidence level, and the default of ALPHA=0.05 produces 95% confidence limits for the binomial proportion.

As part of the noninferiority, superiority, and equivalence analyses, PROC FREQ provides test-based confidence limits that have a confidence coefficient of % (Schuirmann 1999). The ALPHA= option determines the confidence level, and the default of ALPHA=0.05 produces 90% confidence limits. See the sections Noninferiority Test and Equivalence Test for details.

To request exact tests for the binomial proportion, specify the BINOMIAL option in the EXACT statement. PROC FREQ then computes exact p-values for all binomial tests that you request with binomial-options, which can include tests of noninferiority, superiority, and equivalence, in addition to the test of equality.

See the section Binomial Proportion for details.

Table 36.10 BINOMIAL Options

Option

Description

LEVEL=

Specifies the variable level

P=

Specifies the null proportion

CORRECT

Requests continuity correction

Request Confidence Limits

AGRESTICOULL | AC

Requests Agresti-Coull confidence limits

ALL

Requests all confidence limits

EXACT | CLOPPERPEARSON

Requests Clopper-Pearson confidence limits

JEFFREYS | J

Requests Jeffreys confidence limits

WALD

Requests Wald confidence limits

WILSON | W

Requests Wilson (score) confidence limits

Request Tests

EQUIV | EQUIVALENCE

Requests an equivalence test

NONINF | NONINFERIORITY

Requests a noninferiority test

SUP | SUPERIORITY

Requests a superiority test

MARGIN=

Specifies the test margin

VAR=SAMPLE | NULL

Specifies the test variance

You can specify the following binomial-options inside parentheses following the BINOMIAL option:

AGRESTICOULL | AC

requests Agresti-Coull confidence limits for the binomial proportion. See the section Agresti-Coull Confidence Limits for details.

ALL

requests all available types of confidence limits for the binomial proportion. These include the following: Agresti-Coull, exact (Clopper-Pearson), Jeffreys, Wald, and Wilson (score) confidence limits.

CORRECT

includes a continuity correction in the Wald confidence limits and tests. The BINOMIAL(CORRECT) option is equivalent to the BINOMIALC option.

EQUIV | EQUIVALENCE

requests a test of equivalence for the binomial proportion. See the section Equivalence Test for details. You can specify the equivalence test margins, the null proportion, and the variance type with the MARGIN=, P=, and VAR= binomial-options, respectively.

EXACT | CLOPPERPEARSON

requests exact (Clopper-Pearson) confidence limits for the binomial proportion. See the section Exact (Clopper-Pearson) Confidence Limits for details. If you do not request any binomial confidence limits by specifying binomial-options, PROC FREQ produces Wald and exact (Clopper-Pearson) confidence limits by default. To request exact tests for the binomial proportion, specify the BINOMIAL option in the EXACT statement.

JEFFREYS | J

requests Jeffreys confidence limits for the binomial proportion. See the section Jeffreys Confidence Limits for details.

LEVEL=level-number | 'level-value'

specifies the variable level for the binomial proportion. By default, PROC FREQ computes the proportion of observations for the first variable level that appears in the output. To request a different level, use LEVEL=level-number or LEVEL='level-value', where level-number is the variable level’s number or order in the output, and level-value is the formatted value of the variable level. The value of level-number must be a positive integer. You must enclose level-value in single quotes.

MARGIN=value | (lower,upper)

specifies the margin for the noninferiority, superiority, and equivalence tests, which you request with the NONINF, SUP, and EQUIV binomial-options, respectively. If you do not specify MARGIN=, PROC FREQ uses a margin of 0.2 by default.

For noninferiority and superiority tests, specify a single value for the MARGIN= option. The MARGIN= value must be a positive number. You can specify value as a number between 0 and 1. Or you can specify value in percentage form as a number between 1 and 100, and PROC FREQ converts that number to a proportion. The procedure treats the value 1 as 1%.

For noninferiority and superiority tests, the test limits must be between 0 and 1. The limits are determined by the null proportion value (which you can specify with the P= binomial-option) and by the margin value. The noninferiority limit equals the null proportion minus the margin. By default, the null proportion equals 0.5 and the margin equals 0.2, which gives a noninferiority limit of 0.3. The superiority limit equals the null proportion plus the margin, which is 0.7 by default.

For an equivalence test, you can specify a single MARGIN= value, or you can specify both lower and upper values. If you specify a single MARGIN= value, it must be a positive number, as described previously. If you specify a single MARGIN= value for an equivalence test, PROC FREQ uses –value as the lower margin and value as the upper margin for the test. If you specify both lower and upper values for an equivalence test, you can specify them in proportion form as numbers between –1 or 1. Or you can specify them in percentage form as numbers between –100 and 100, and PROC FREQ converts the numbers to proportions. The value of lower must be less than the value of upper.

The equivalence limits must be between 0 and 1. The equivalence limits are determined by the null proportion value (which you can specify with the P= binomial-option) and by the margin values. The lower equivalence limit equals the null proportion plus the lower margin. By default, the null proportion equals 0.5 and the lower margin equals –0.2, which gives a lower equivalence limit of 0.3. The upper equivalence limit equals the null proportion plus the upper margin, which is 0.7 by default.

See the sections Noninferiority Test and Equivalence Test for details.

NONINF | NONINFERIORITY

requests a test of noninferiority for the binomial proportion. See the section Noninferiority Test for details. You can specify the noninferiority test margin, the null proportion, and the variance type with the MARGIN=, P=, and VAR= binomial-options, respectively.

P=value

specifies the null hypothesis proportion for the binomial tests. If you omit the P= option, PROC FREQ uses 0.5 as the null proportion. The null proportion value must be a positive number. You can specify value as a number between 0 and 1. Or you can specify value in percentage form as a number between 1 and 100, and PROC FREQ converts that number to a proportion. The procedure treats the value 1 as 1%.

SUP | SUPERIORITY

requests a test of superiority for the binomial proportion. See the section Superiority Test for details. You can specify the superiority test margin, the null proportion, and the variance type with the MARGIN=, P=, and VAR= binomial-options, respectively.

VAR=SAMPLE | NULL

specifies the type of variance estimate to use in the Wald tests of noninferiority, superiority, and equivalence. The default is VAR=SAMPLE, which estimates the variance from the sample proportion. VAR=NULL uses a test-based variance that is computed from the null hypothesis proportion (which is specified by the P= binomial-option). See the sections Noninferiority Test and Equivalence Test for details.

WALD

requests Wald confidence limits for the binomial proportion. See the section Wald Confidence Limits for details. If you specify the CORRECT binomial-option, the Wald confidence limits include a continuity correction. If you do not request any binomial confidence limits by specifying binomial-options, PROC FREQ produces Wald and exact (Clopper-Pearson) confidence limits by default.

WILSON | W | SCORE

requests Wilson confidence limits for the binomial proportion. These are also known as score confidence limits. See the section Wilson (Score) Confidence Limits for details.

BINOMIALC <(binomial-options)>

requests the BINOMIAL statistics for one-way tables and includes a continuity correction in the Wald confidence limits and tests. Specifying BINOMIALC is equivalent to specifying the BINOMIAL(CORRECT) option.

The BINOMIAL statistics include the binomial proportion, its asymptotic standard error, Wald and exact (Clopper-Pearson) confidence limits, and the asymptotic equality test for the binomial proportion by default. You can request exact binomial tests by specifying the BINOMIAL option in the EXACT statement.

You can specify binomial-options inside parentheses following BINOMIALC to request additional tests and confidence limits for the binomial proportion. The binomial-options are the same as those available with the BINOMIAL option (Table 36.10). See the description of the BINOMIAL option and the section Binomial Proportion for details.

CELLCHI2

displays each crosstabulation table cell’s contribution to the total Pearson chi-square statistic. The cell contribution is computed as

     

where frequency is the table cell frequency or count and expected is the expected cell frequency, which is computed under the null hypothesis that the row and column variables are independent. See the section Pearson Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables for details.

The CELLCHI2 option has no effect for one-way tables or for tables that are displayed with the LIST option.

CHISQ <(option)>

requests chi-square tests of homogeneity or independence and measures of association based on the chi-square statistic. The tests include the Pearson chi-square, likelihood-ratio chi-square, and Mantel-Haenszel chi-square. The measures include the phi coefficient, the contingency coefficient, and Cramer’s . For tables, the CHISQ option also provides Fisher’s exact test and the continuity-adjusted chi-square. See the section Chi-Square Tests and Statistics for details.

For one-way tables, the CHISQ option provides a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for equal proportions. If you specify the null hypothesis proportions with the TESTP= option, PROC FREQ computes a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for the specified proportions. If you specify null hypothesis frequencies with the TESTF= option, PROC FREQ computes a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for the specified frequencies. See the section Chi-Square Test for One-Way Tables for more information.

To request Fisher’s exact test for tables larger than , use the FISHER option in the EXACT statement. Exact tests are also available for other CHISQ statistics, including the Pearson, likelihood-ratio, and Mantel-Haenszel chi-square, and the chi-square goodness-of-fit test for one-way tables. You can use the EXACT statement to request these tests. See the section Exact Statistics for details.

You can specify the following option in parentheses following the CHISQ option:

WARN=value | (values)

controls the warning message about the validity of the asymptotic Pearson chi-square test. By default, PROC FREQ displays a warning when more than 20% of the table cells have expected frequencies that are less than 5. If you specify the NOPRINT option in the PROC FREQ statement, this warning is included in the log; otherwise, the warning is displayed as a footnote in the chi-square table. You can use the WARN= option to suppress the warning and to include a warning indicator in the output data set.

The WARN= option can take one or more of the following values. If you specify more than one value, enclose the values in parentheses following WARN=. For example, warn = (output noprint).

Value of WARN=

Description

OUTPUT

Adds a warning indicator variable to the output data set

NOLOG

Suppresses the chi-square warning message in the log

NOPRINT

Suppresses the chi-square warning message in the display

NONE

Suppresses the chi-square warning message entirely

If you specify the WARN=OUTPUT option, the chi-square ODS output data set contains a variable named Warning that equals 1 for the Pearson chi-square when more than 20% of the table cells have expected frequencies that are less than 5 and equals 0 otherwise. If you specify WARN=OUTPUT and also specify the CHISQ option in the OUTPUT statement, then the statistics output data set contains a variable named WARN_PCHI that indicates the warning.

The WARN=NOLOG option has the same effect as the NOWARN option in the TABLES statement.

CL

requests confidence limits for the MEASURES statistics. If you omit the MEASURES option, the CL option invokes MEASURES. You can set the level of the confidence limits by using the ALPHA= option. The default of ALPHA=0.5 produces 95% confidence limits. See the sections Measures of Association and Confidence Limits for more information.

CMH <(cmh-options)>

requests Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics, which test for association between the row and column variables after adjusting for the remaining variables in a multiway table. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics include the nonzero correlation statistic, the row mean scores (ANOVA) statistic, and the general association statistic. In addition, for tables, the CMH option provides the adjusted Mantel-Haenszel and logit estimates of the odds ratio and relative risks, together with their confidence limits. For stratified tables, the CMH option provides the Breslow-Day test for homogeneity of odds ratios. (To request Tarone’s adjustment for the Breslow-Day test, specify the BDT cmh-option.) See the section Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Statistics for details.

You can use the CMH1 or CMH2 option to control the number of CMH statistics that PROC FREQ computes.

For stratified tables, you can request Zelen’s exact test for equal odds ratios by specifying the EQOR option in the EXACT statement. See the section Zelen’s Exact Test for Equal Odds Ratios for details. You can request exact confidence limits for the common odds ratio by specifying the COMOR option in the EXACT statement. This option also provides a common odds ratio test. See the section Exact Confidence Limits for the Common Odds Ratio for details.

You can specify the following cmh-options in parentheses following the CMH option. These cmh-options, which apply to stratified tables, are also available with the CMH1 or CMH2 option.

BDT

requests Tarone’s adjustment in the Breslow-Day test for homogeneity of odds ratios. See the section Breslow-Day Test for Homogeneity of the Odds Ratios for details. The BDT cmh-option has the same effect as the BDT option in the TABLES statement.

GAILSIMON | GS <(COLUMN=1 | 2)>

requests the Gail-Simon test for qualitative interaction, which applies to stratified tables. See the section Gail-Simon Test for Qualitative Interactions for details.

The COLUMN= option specifies the column of the risk differences to use in computing the Gail-Simon test. By default, PROC FREQ uses column 1 risk differences. If you specify COLUMN=2, PROC FREQ uses column 2 risk differences.

The GAILSIMON cmh-option has the same effect as the GAILSIMON option in the TABLES statement.

MANTELFLEISS | MF

requests the Mantel-Fleiss criterion for the Mantel-Haenszel statistic for stratified tables. See the section Mantel-Fleiss Criterion for details.

CMH1 <(cmh-options)>

requests the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel correlation statistic. This option does not provide the CMH row mean scores (ANOVA) statistic or the general association statistic, which are provided by the CMH option. For tables larger than , the CMH1 option requires less memory than the CMH option, which can require an enormous amount of memory for large tables.

For tables, the CMH1 option also provides the adjusted Mantel-Haenszel and logit estimates of the odds ratio and relative risks, together with their confidence limits. For stratified tables, the CMH1 option provides the Breslow-Day test for homogeneity of odds ratios.

The cmh-options available with the CMH1 option are the same as those available with the CMH option. See the description of the CMH option for details.

CMH2 <(cmh-options)>

requests the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel correlation statistic and the row mean scores (ANOVA) statistic. This option does not provide the CMH general association statistic, which is provided by the CMH option. For tables larger than , the CMH2 option requires less memory than the CMH option, which can require an enormous amount of memory for large tables.

For tables, the CMH1 option also provides the adjusted Mantel-Haenszel and logit estimates of the odds ratio and relative risks, together with their confidence limits. For stratified tables, the CMH1 option provides the Breslow-Day test for homogeneity of odds ratios.

The cmh-options available with the CMH2 option are the same as those available with the CMH option. See the description of the CMH option for details.

CONTENTS='string'

specifies the label to use for crosstabulation tables in the contents file, the Results window, and the trace record. For information about output presentation, see the SAS Output Delivery System: User's Guide.

If you omit the CONTENTS= option, the contents label for crosstabulation tables is "Cross-Tabular Freq Table" by default.

Note that contents labels for all crosstabulation tables that are produced by a single TABLES statement use the same text. To specify different contents labels for different crosstabulation tables, request the tables in separate TABLES statements and use the CONTENTS= option in each TABLES statement.

To remove the crosstabulation table entry from the contents file, you can specify a null label with CONTENTS=''.

The CONTENTS= option affects only contents labels for crosstabulation tables. It does not affect contents labels for other PROC FREQ tables.

To specify the contents label for any PROC FREQ table, you can use PROC TEMPLATE to create a customized table definition. The CONTENTS_LABEL attribute in the DEFINE TABLE statement of PROC TEMPLATE specifies the contents label for the table. See the chapter "The TEMPLATE Procedure" in the SAS Output Delivery System: User's Guide for more information.

CONVERGE=value

specifies the convergence criterion for computing the polychoric correlation, which you request with the PLCORR option. The CONVERGE= value must be a positive number. By default CONVERGE=0.0001. Iterative computation of the polychoric correlation stops when the convergence measure falls below the value of CONVERGE= or when the number of iterations exceeds the value specified in the MAXITER= option, whichever happens first. See the section Polychoric Correlation for details.

CROSSLIST

displays crosstabulation tables in ODS column format instead of the default crosstabulation cell format. In a CROSSLIST table display, the rows correspond to the crosstabulation table cells, and the columns correspond to descriptive statistics such as Frequency and Percent. The CROSSLIST table displays the same information as the default crosstabulation table, but uses an ODS column format instead of the table cell format. See the section Multiway Tables for details about the contents of the CROSSLIST table.

You can control the contents of a CROSSLIST table with the same options available for the default crosstabulation table. These include the NOFREQ, NOPERCENT, NOROW, and NOCOL options. You can request additional information in a CROSSLIST table with the CELLCHI2, DEVIATION, EXPECTED, MISSPRINT, and TOTPCT options.

The FORMAT= option and the CUMCOL option have no effect for CROSSLIST tables. You cannot specify both the LIST option and the CROSSLIST option in the same TABLES statement.

You can use the NOSPARSE option to suppress display of variable levels with zero frequency in CROSSLIST tables. By default for CROSSLIST tables, PROC FREQ displays all levels of the column variable within each level of the row variable, including any column variable levels with zero frequency for that row. And for multiway tables displayed with the CROSSLIST option, the procedure displays all levels of the row variable for each stratum of the table by default, including any row variable levels with zero frequency for the stratum.

CUMCOL

displays the cumulative column percentages in the cells of the crosstabulation table. The CUMCOL option does not apply to crosstabulation tables produced with the LIST or CROSSLIST option.

DEVIATION

displays the deviation of the frequency from the expected frequency for each cell of the crosstabulation table. See the section Pearson Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables for details. The DEVIATION option does not apply to crosstabulation tables produced with the LIST option.

EXPECTED

displays the expected cell frequencies under the hypothesis of independence (or homogeneity) for crosstabulation tables. See the section Pearson Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables for details. The EXPECTED option does not apply to tables produced with the LIST option.

FISHER | EXACT

requests Fisher’s exact test for tables that are larger than . (For tables, the CHISQ option provides Fisher’s exact test.) This test is also known as the Freeman-Halton test. See the sections Fisher’s Exact Test and Exact Statistics for more information.

If you omit the CHISQ option in the TABLES statement, the FISHER option invokes CHISQ. You can also request Fisher’s exact test by specifying the FISHER option in the EXACT statement.

Note: PROC FREQ computes exact tests with fast and efficient algorithms that are superior to direct enumeration. Exact tests are appropriate when a data set is small, sparse, skewed, or heavily tied. For some large problems, computation of exact tests might require a considerable amount of time and memory. Consider using asymptotic tests for such problems. Alternatively, when asymptotic methods might not be sufficient for such large problems, consider using Monte Carlo estimation of exact p-values. See the section Computational Resources for more information.

FORMAT=format-name

specifies a format for the following crosstabulation table cell values: frequency, expected frequency, and deviation. PROC FREQ also uses the specified format to display the row and column total frequencies and the overall total frequency in crosstabulation tables.

You can specify any standard SAS numeric format or a numeric format defined with the FORMAT procedure. The format length must not exceed 24. If you omit the FORMAT= option, by default PROC FREQ uses the BEST6. format to display frequencies less than 1E6, and the BEST7. format otherwise.

The FORMAT= option applies only to crosstabulation tables displayed in the default format. It does not apply to crosstabulation tables produced with the LIST or CROSSLIST option.

To change display formats in any FREQ table, you can use PROC TEMPLATE. See the chapter "The TEMPLATE Procedure" in the SAS Output Delivery System: User's Guide for more information.

GAILSIMON | GS <(COLUMN=1 | 2)>

requests the Gail-Simon test for qualitative interaction, which applies to stratified tables. See the section Gail-Simon Test for Qualitative Interactions for details.

The COLUMN= option specifies the column of the risk differences to use in computing the Gail-Simon test. By default, PROC FREQ uses column 1 risk differences. If you specify COLUMN=2, PROC FREQ uses column 2 risk differences.

JT

requests the Jonckheere-Terpstra test. See the section Jonckheere-Terpstra Test for details.

LIST

displays two-way to -way crosstabulation tables in a list format instead of the default crosstabulation cell format. The LIST option displays the entire multiway table in one table, instead of displaying a separate two-way table for each stratum. See the section Multiway Tables for details.

The LIST option is not available when you also specify statistical options. You must use the standard crosstabulation table display or the CROSSLIST display when you request statistical tests or measures.

MAXITER=number

specifies the maximum number of iterations for computing the polychoric correlation, which you request with the PLCORR option. The value of the MAXITER= option must be a positive integer. By default MAXITER=20. Iterative computation of the polychoric correlation stops when the number of iterations exceeds the MAXITER= value or when the convergence measures falls below the value of the CONVERGE= option, whichever happens first. See the section Polychoric Correlation for details.

MEASURES

requests several measures of association and their asymptotic standard errors. The MEASURES option provides the following statistics: gamma, Kendall’s tau-, Stuart’s tau-, Somers’ , Somers’ , the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, lambda (symmetric and asymmetric), and uncertainty coefficients (symmetric and asymmetric). To request confidence limits for these measures of association, you can specify the CL option.

For tables, the MEASURES option also provides the odds ratio, column 1 relative risk, column 2 relative risk, and the corresponding confidence limits. Alternatively, you can obtain the odds ratio and relative risks, without the other measures of association, by specifying the RELRISK option.

See the section Measures of Association for details.

You can use the TEST statement to request asymptotic tests for the following measures of association: gamma, Kendall’s tau-, Stuart’s tau-, Somers’ , Somers’ , and the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. You can use the EXACT statement to request exact confidence limits for the odds ratio, exact unconditional confidence limits for the relative risks, and exact tests for the following measures of association: Kendall’s tau-, Stuart’s tau-, Somers’ and , and the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. See the section Exact Statistics for more information.

MISSING

treats missing values as a valid nonmissing level for all TABLES variables. The MISSING option displays the missing levels in frequency and crosstabulation tables and includes them in all calculations of percentages, tests, and measures.

By default, if you do not specify the MISSING or MISSPRINT option, an observation is excluded from a table if it has a missing value for any of the variables in the TABLES request. When PROC FREQ excludes observations with missing values, it displays the total frequency of missing observations below the table. See the section Missing Values for more information.

MISSPRINT

displays missing value frequencies in frequency and crosstabulation tables but does not include the missing value frequencies in any computations of percentages, tests, or measures.

By default, if you do not specify the MISSING or MISSPRINT option, an observation is excluded from a table if it has a missing value for any of the variables in the TABLES request. When PROC FREQ excludes observations with missing values, it displays the total frequency of missing observations below the table. See the section Missing Values for more information.

NOCOL

suppresses the display of column percentages in crosstabulation table cells.

NOCUM

suppresses the display of cumulative frequencies and percentages in one-way frequency tables. The NOCUM option also suppresses the display of cumulative frequencies and percentages in crosstabulation tables in list format, which you request with the LIST option.

NOFREQ

suppresses the display of cell frequencies in crosstabulation tables. The NOFREQ option also suppresses row total frequencies. This option has no effect for one-way tables or for crosstabulation tables in list format, which you request with the LIST option.

NOPERCENT

suppresses the display of overall percentages in crosstabulation tables. These percentages include the cell percentages of the total (two-way) table frequency, as well as the row and column percentages of the total table frequency. To suppress the display of cell percentages of row or column totals, use the NOROW or NOCOL option, respectively.

For one-way frequency tables and crosstabulation tables in list format, the NOPERCENT option suppresses the display of percentages and cumulative percentages.

NOPRINT

suppresses the display of frequency and crosstabulation tables but displays all requested tests and statistics. To suppress the display of all output, including tests and statistics, use the NOPRINT option in the PROC FREQ statement.

NOROW

suppresses the display of row percentages in crosstabulation table cells.

NOSPARSE

suppresses the display of cells with a zero frequency count in LIST output and omits them from the OUT= data set. The NOSPARSE option applies when you specify the ZEROS option in the WEIGHT statement to include observations with zero weights. By default, the ZEROS option invokes the SPARSE option, which displays table cells with a zero frequency count in the LIST output and includes them in the OUT= data set. See the description of the ZEROS option for more information.

The NOSPARSE option also suppresses the display of variable levels with zero frequency in CROSSLIST tables. By default for CROSSLIST tables, PROC FREQ displays all levels of the column variable within each level of the row variable, including any column variable levels with zero frequency for that row. For multiway tables displayed with the CROSSLIST option, the procedure displays all levels of the row variable for each stratum of the table by default, including any row variable levels with zero frequency for the stratum.

NOWARN

suppresses the log warning message about the validity of the asymptotic Pearson chi-square test. By default, PROC FREQ provides a warning about the validity of the asymptotic Pearson chi-square test when more than 20cells have expected frequencies that are less than 5. This warning message appears in the log if you specify the NOPRINT option in the PROC FREQ statement,

The NOWARN option is equivalent to the CHISQ(WARN=NOLOG) option. You can also use the CHISQ(WARN=) option to suppress the warning message in the display and to request a warning variable in the chi-square ODS output data set or in the OUTPUT data set.

OUT=SAS-data-set

names an output data set that contains frequency or crosstabulation table counts and percentages. If more than one table request appears in the TABLES statement, the contents of the OUT= data set correspond to the last table request in the TABLES statement. The OUT= data set variable COUNT contains the frequencies and the variable PERCENT contains the percentages. See the section Output Data Sets for details. You can specify the following options to include additional information in the OUT= data set: OUTCUM, OUTEXPECT, and OUTPCT.

OUTCUM

includes cumulative frequencies and cumulative percentages in the OUT= data set for one-way tables. The variable CUM_FREQ contains the cumulative frequencies, and the variable CUM_PCT contains the cumulative percentages. See the section Output Data Sets for details. The OUTCUM option has no effect for two-way or multiway tables.

OUTEXPECT

includes expected cell frequencies in the OUT= data set for crosstabulation tables. The variable EXPECTED contains the expected cell frequencies. See the section Output Data Sets for details. The EXPECTED option has no effect for one-way tables.

OUTPCT

includes the following additional variables in the OUT= data set for crosstabulation tables:

PCT_COL

percentage of column frequency

PCT_ROW

percentage of row frequency

PCT_TABL

percentage of stratum (two-way table) frequency, for -way tables where

See the section Output Data Sets for details. The OUTPCT option has no effect for one-way tables.

PLCORR

requests the polychoric correlation coefficient. For tables, this statistic is more commonly known as the tetrachoric correlation coefficient, and it is labeled as such in the displayed output. See the section Polychoric Correlation for details. Also see the descriptions of the CONVERGE= and MAXITER= options, which you can specify to control the iterative computation of the polychoric correlation coefficient.

If you omit the MEASURES option, the PLCORR option invokes MEASURES.

PLOTS < ( global-plot-options ) > < = plot-request < ( plot-options ) > >
PLOTS < ( global-plot-options ) >
< = ( plot-request < (plot-options) > <...plot-request < (plot-options ) >> )>

controls the plots that are produced through ODS Graphics. Plot-requests identify the plots, and plot-options control the appearance and content of the plots. You can specify plot-options in parentheses following a plot-request. A global-plot-option applies to all plots for which it is available, unless it is altered by a specific plot-option. You can specify global-plot-options in parentheses following the PLOTS option.

When you specify only one plot-request, you can omit the parentheses around the request. For example:

 plots=all
 plots=freqplot
 plots=(freqplot oddsratioplot)
 plots(only)=(cumfreqplot deviationplot)

ODS Graphics must be enabled before requesting plots. For example:

ods graphics on;
proc freq;
   tables treatment*response / chisq plots=freqplot;
   weight wt;
run;
ods graphics off;

For more information about enabling and disabling ODS Graphics, see the section Enabling and Disabling ODS Graphics in Chapter 21, Statistical Graphics Using ODS.

If ODS Graphics is enabled but you do not specify the PLOTS= option, PROC FREQ produces all plots that are associated with the analyses that you request with the exception of the frequency and cumulative frequency plots. To produce a frequency plot or cumulative frequency plot when ODS Graphics is enabled, you must specify the FREQPLOT or CUMFREQPLOT plot-request, respectively, in the PLOTS= option. PROC FREQ produces the remaining plots (listed in Table 36.11) by default when you request the corresponding TABLES statement options. You can suppress default plots and request specific plots by using the PLOTS(ONLY)= option; PLOTS(ONLY)=(plot-requests) produces only the plots that are specified as plot-requests. You can suppress all plots with the PLOTS=NONE option. The PLOTS= option has no effect when you specify the NOPRINT option in the PROC FREQ statement.

Table 36.11 lists the available plot-requests, together with their plot-options and required TABLES statement options.

Table 36.11 PLOTS= Options

Plot Request

Plot Options

Required TABLES Statement Option

AGREEPLOT

LEGEND=

AGREE ( table)

 

PARTIAL=

 
 

SHOWSCALE=

 
 

STATS

 

CUMFREQPLOT

ORIENT=

One-way table request

 

SCALE=

 
 

TYPE=

 

DEVIATIONPLOT

NOSTAT

CHISQ (one-way table)

 

ORIENT=

 
 

TYPE=

 

FREQPLOT

ORIENT=

Any table request

 

SCALE=

 
 

TYPE=

 

FREQPLOT

NPANELPOS=

Two-way or multiway table request

 

TWOWAY=

 

KAPPAPLOT

CLDISPLAY=

AGREE

 

NPANELPOS=

( table)

 

ORDER=

 
 

RANGE=

 
 

STATS

 

ODDSRATIOPLOT

CLDISPLAY=

MEASURES or RELRISK

 

EXACT

( table)

 

LOGBASE=

 
 

NPANELPOS=

 
 

ORDER=

 
 

RANGE=

 
 

STATS

 

RELRISKPLOT

CLDISPLAY=

MEASURES or RELRISK

 

COLUMN=

( table)

 

EXACT

 
 

LOGBASE=

 
 

NPANELPOS=

 
 

ORDER=

 
 

RANGE=

 
 

STATS

 

RISKDIFFPLOT

CLDISPLAY=

RISKDIFF

 

COLUMN=

( table)

 

EXACT

 
 

NPANELPOS=

 
 

ORDER=

 
 

RANGE=

 
 

STATS

 

WTKAPPAPLOT

CLDISPLAY=

AGREE

 

NPANELPOS=

( table, )

 

ORDER=

 
 

RANGE=

 
 

STATS

 

Also requires EXACT statment


Global Plot Options

A global-plot-option applies to all plots for which the option is available, unless it is altered by a specific plot-option. You can specify global-plot-options in parentheses following the PLOTS option.

The following specific plot-options are available as global-plot-options: CLDISPLAY=, COLUMN=, EXACT, LOGBASE=, NPANELPOS=, ORDER=, ORIENT=, RANGE=, SCALE=, STATS, and TYPE=.

These plot-options are described in the section "Plot Options." Additionally, you can specify the following global-plot-option in parentheses following the PLOTS option:

ONLY

suppresses the default plots and requests only the plots that are specified as plot-requests.


Plot Requests

The following plot-requests are available with the PLOTS= option:

AGREEPLOT

requests an agreement plot (Bangdiwala and Bryan 1987). An agreement plot displays the strength of agreement in a two-way table, where the row and column variables represent two independent ratings of subjects. See Bangdiwala (1988), Bangdiwala et al. (2008), and Friendly (2000, Section 3.7.2) for information about agreement plots.

To produce an agreement plot, you must also specify the AGREE option in the TABLES statement. Agreement statistics and plots are available for two-way square tables, where the number of rows equals the number of columns. The following plot-options are available for AGREEPLOT: LEGEND=, PARTIAL=, SHOWSCALE=, and STATS.

ALL

requests all plots that are associated with the specified analyses. This is the default if you do not specify the PLOTS(ONLY) option.

CUMFREQPLOT <(plot-options)>

requests a plot of cumulative frequencies. Cumulative frequency plots are available for one-way frequency tables. The following plot-options are available for CUMFREQPLOT: ORIENT=, SCALE=, and TYPE=.

You must specify the CUMFREQPLOT plot-request in the PLOTS= option to produce a cumulative frequency plot. Cumulative frequency plots are not produced by default when you request frequency or crosstabulation tables.

DEVIATIONPLOT <(plot-options)>

requests a plot of relative deviations from expected frequencies. Deviation plots are available for one-way frequency tables. To produce a deviation plot, you must also specify the CHISQ option in the TABLES statement. The following plot-options are available for DEVIATIONPLOT: NOSTAT, ORIENT=, and TYPE=.

FREQPLOT <(plot-options)>

requests a frequency plot. Frequency plots are available for frequency and crosstabulation tables. For multiway tables, PROC FREQ provides a two-way frequency plot for each stratum.

The following plot-options are available for FREQPLOT for all tables: ORIENT=, SCALE=, and TYPE=. Additionally, the TWOWAY= and NPANELPOS= plot-options are available for two-way and multiway tables. You can use the TWOWAY= plot-option to specify the layout of a two-way frequency plot. The NPANELPOS= plot-option is not available with the TWOWAY=STACKED layout.

You must specify the FREQPLOT plot-request in the PLOTS= option to produce a frequency plot. Frequency plots are not produced by default when you request frequency or crosstabulation tables.

KAPPAPLOT <(plot-options)>

requests a plot of kappa statistics and confidence limits. Kappa plots are available for multiway square tables. To produce a kappa plot, you must also specify the AGREE option in the TABLES statement. The following plot-options are available for KAPPAPLOT: CLDISPLAY=, NPANELPOS=, ORDER=, RANGE=, and STATS.

NONE

suppresses all plots.

ODDSRATIOPLOT <(plot-options)>

requests a plot of odds ratios with confidence limits. Odds ratio plots are available for multiway tables. To produce an odds ratio plot, you must also specify the MEASURES or RELRISK option in the TABLES statement. The following plot-options are available for ODDSRATIOPLOT: CLDISPLAY=, EXACT, LOGBASE=, NPANELPOS=, ORDER=, RANGE=, and STATS. If you request a plot of exact confidence limits by specifying the EXACT plot-option, you must also request computation of exact confidence limits by specifying the OR option in the EXACT statement.

RELRISKPLOT <(plot-options)>

requests a plot of relative risks with confidence limits. Relative risk plots are available for multiway tables. To produce a relative risk plot, you must also specify the MEASURES or RELRISK option in the TABLES statement. The following plot-options are available for RELRISKPLOT: CLDISPLAY=, COLUMN=, EXACT, LOGBASE=, NPANELPOS=, ORDER=, RANGE=, and STATS. If you request a plot of exact confidence limits by specifying the EXACT plot-option, you must also request computation of exact confidence limits by specifying the RELRISK option in the EXACT statement.

RISKDIFFPLOT <(plot-options)>

requests a plot of risk (proportion) differences with confidence limits. Risk difference plots are available for multiway tables. To produce a risk difference plot, you must also specify the RISKDIFF option in the TABLES statement. The following plot-options are available for RISKDIFFPLOT: CLDISPLAY=, COLUMN=, EXACT, NPANELPOS=, ORDER=, RANGE=, and STATS.

If you request a plot of exact confidence limits by specifying the EXACT plot-option, you must also request computation of exact confidence limits by specifying the RISKDIFF option in the EXACT statement. If you do not specify the EXACT plot-option, the risk difference plot displays the Wald confidence limits that are produced by the RISKDIFF option by default and displayed in the "Risk Estimates" table.

WTKAPPAPLOT <(plot-options)>

requests a plot of weighted kappa statistics with confidence limits. Weighted kappa plots are available for multiway square tables. To produce a weighted kappa plot, you must also specify the AGREE option in the TABLES statement. Note that simple kappa and weighted kappa statistics are the same for tables; therefore, the procedure does not present weighted kappa statistics for tables. The following plot-options are available for WTKAPPAPLOT: CLDISPLAY=, NPANELPOS=, ORDER=, RANGE=, and STATS.


Plot Options

You can specify the following plot-options in parentheses after a plot-request:

CLDISPLAY=SERIF | LINE | BAR <width>

controls the appearance of the confidence limit error bars. The CLDISPLAY= plot-option is available for the following plots: KAPPAPLOT, ODDSRATIOPLOT, RELRISKPLOT, RISKDIFFPLOT, and WTKAPPAPLOT.

The default value is CLDISPLAY=SERIF, which displays the confidence limits as lines with serifs. CLDISPLAY=LINE displays the confidence limits as plain lines without serifs. CLDISPLAY=BAR displays the confidence limits as bars. By default, the width of the bars equals the size of the marker for the estimate. You can control the width of the bars and the size of the marker by specifying the value of width as a percentage of the distance between bars, . The bar might disappear when the value of width is very small.

COLUMN=1 | 2

specifies the table column to use to compute the risk (proportion). The COLUMN= plot-option is available for the relative risk plot (RELRISKPLOT) and the risk difference plot (RISKDIFFPLOT). If you specify COLUMN=1, the plot displays the column 1 risk differences or the column 1 relative risks. Similarly, if you specify COLUMN=2, the plot displays the column 2 risk differences or relative risks. The default is COLUMN=1.

EXACT

requests exact confidence limits instead of asymptotic confidence limits. The EXACT plot-option is available for the odds ratio plot (ODDSRATIOPLOT), the relative risk plot (RELRISKPLOT), and the risk difference plot (RISKDIFFPLOT). If you specify the EXACT plot-option, you must also request computation of the exact confidence limits by specifying the corresponding option in the EXACT statement.

LOGBASE=2 | E | 10

applies to the odds ratio plot (ODDSRATIOPLOT) and the relative risk plot (RELRISKPLOT). LOGBASE= displays the odds ratio or relative risk axis on the specified log scale.

LEGEND=YES | NO

applies to the agreement plot (AGREEPLOT). LEGEND=NO suppresses the legend that identifies the areas of exact and partial agreement. The default is LEGEND=YES.

NOSTAT

applies to the deviation plot (DEVIATIONPLOT). NOSTAT suppresses the chi-square p-value that is displayed by default in the deviation plot.

NPANELPOS=n

applies to the following plots: FREQPLOT (for two-way and multiway tables), KAPPAPLOT, ODDSRATIOPLOT, RELRISKPLOT, RISKDIFFPLOT, and WTKAPPAPLOT.

NPANELPOS= divides the plot into multiple panels that display at most statistics per panel. If n is positive, the number of statistics per panel is balanced; but if n is negative, the number of statistics per panel is not balanced. By default, and all statistics are displayed in a single plot. For example, suppose you want to display 21 odds ratios. Then NPANELPOS=20 displays two panels, the first with 11 odds ratios and the second with 10; NPANELPOS=–20 displays 20 odds ratios in the first panel but only one in the second.

For two-way frequency plots, NPANELPOS= divides the plot into multiple panels that display at most levels of the row variable per panel. The NPANELPOS= plot-option applies to two-way plots that are displayed with grouped layout, which you specify with the TWOWAY=GROUPVERTICAL or TWOWAY=GROUPHORIZONTAL plot-option. The NPANELPOS= plot-option does not apply to the TWOWAY=STACKED layout.

ORDER=ASCENDING | DESCENDING

displays the statistics in sorted order. By default, the statistics are displayed in the order in which the corresponding strata appear in the multiway table display. The ORDER= plot-option applies to the following plots: KAPPAPLOT, ODDSRATIOPLOT, RELRISKPLOT, RISKDIFFPLOT, and WTKAPPAPLOT.

ORIENT=HORIZONTAL | VERTICAL

controls the orientation of the plot. The ORIENT= plot-option applies to the following plots: CUMFREQPLOT, DEVIATIONPLOT, and FREQPLOT.

ORIENT=HORIZONTAL places the variable levels on the Y axis and the frequencies, percentages, or statistic-values on the X axis. ORIENT=VERTICAL places the variable levels on the X axis. The default orientation is ORIENT=VERTICAL for bar charts (TYPE=BARCHART) and ORIENT=HORIZONTAL for dot plots (TYPE=DOTPLOT).

PARTIAL=YES | NO

controls the display of partial agreement in the agreement plot (AGREEPLOT). PARTIAL=NO suppresses the display of partial agreement. When you specify PARTIAL=NO, the agreement plot displays only exact agreement. Exact agreement includes the diagonal cells of the square table, where the row and column variable levels are the same. Partial agreement includes the adjacent off-diagonal table cells, where the row and column values are within one level of exact agreement. The default is PARTIAL=YES.

RANGE=(<min> <,max>) | CLIP

specifies the range of values to display. The RANGE= plot-option applies to the following plots: KAPPAPLOT, ODDSRATIOPLOT, RELRISKPLOT, RISKDIFFPLOT, and WTKAPPAPLOT. If you specify RANGE=CLIP, the confidence limits are clipped and the display range is determined by the minimum and maximum values of the estimates. By default, the display range includes all confidence limits.

SCALE=FREQ | LOG | PERCENT | SQRT

specifies the scale of the frequencies to display. The SCALE= plot-option applies to the frequency plot (FREQPLOT) and the cumulative frequency plot (CUMFREQPLOT).

The default is SCALE=FREQ, which displays unscaled frequencies. SCALE=LOG displays log (base 10) frequencies. SCALE=PERCENT displays percentages (relative frequencies). SCALE=SQRT displays square roots of the frequencies, which produces a plot known as a rootogram.

SHOWSCALE=YES | NO

controls the display of the cumulative frequency scale on the right side of the agreement plot (AGREEPLOT). SHOWSCALE=NO suppresses the display of the scale. The default is SHOWSCALE=YES.

STATS

displays statistic values in the plot. For the following plots, the STATS plot-option displays the statistics and their confidence limits on the right side of the plot: KAPPAPLOT, ODDSRATIOPLOT, RELRISKPLOT, RISKDIFFPLOT, and WTKAPPAPLOT.

For the agreement plot (AGREEPLOT), STATS displays the values of the kappa statistic, the weighted kappa statistic, and the measure (Bangdiwala 1987).

If you do not request the STATS plot-option, these plots do not display the statistic values.

TWOWAY=GROUPVERTICAL | GROUPHORIZONTAL | STACKED

specifies the layout for a two-way frequency plot (FREQPLOT). The TWOWAY= plot-option applies to frequency plots for two-way and multiway table requests; PROC FREQ produces a two-way frequency plot for each stratum of a multiway table request.

TWOWAY=GROUPVERTICAL produces a grouped plot with a vertical common baseline. The plot is grouped by the row variable, which is the first variable that you specify in a two-way table request. TWOWAY=GROUPHORIZONTAL produces a grouped plot with a horizontal common baseline.

TWOWAY=STACKED produces stacked frequency plots for two-way tables. In a stacked bar chart, the bars correspond to the column variable values, and the row frequencies are stacked within each column. In a stacked dot plot, the dotted lines correspond to the columns, and the row frequencies within columns are plotted as data dots on the same column line.

The default two-way layout is TWOWAY=GROUPVERTICAL. The ORIENT=, SCALE=, and TYPE= plot-options are available for each TWOWAY= layout.

TYPE=BARCHART | DOTPLOT

specifies the plot type for frequency (FREQPLOT), cumulative frequency (CUMFREQPLOT), and deviation plots (DEVIATIONPLOT). TYPE=BARCHART produces a bar chart, and TYPE=DOTPLOT produces a dot plot. The default is TYPE=BARCHART.

PRINTKWT

displays the weights that PROC FREQ uses to compute the weighted kappa coefficient. You must also specify the AGREE option to request the weighted kappa coefficient. You can specify (WT=FC) with the AGREE option to request Fleiss-Cohen weights. By default, PROC FREQ uses Cicchetti-Allison weights to compute the weighted kappa coefficient. See the section Weighted Kappa Coefficient for details.

RELRISK | OR

requests relative risk measures and their confidence limits for tables. These measures include the odds ratio and the column 1 and 2 relative risks. See the section Odds Ratio and Relative Risks for 2 x 2 Tables for details.

You can also obtain the RELRISK measures by specifying the MEASURES option, which produces other measures of association in addition to the relative risks.

You can request exact confidence limits for the odds ratio by specifying the OR option in the EXACT statement. You can request exact unconditional confidence limits for the relative risks by specifying the RELRISK option in the EXACT statement. See the sections Exact Confidence Limits for the Odds Ratio and Exact Unconditional Confidence Limits for the Relative Risk for more information.

RISKDIFF <(riskdiff-options)>

requests risks (binomial proportions) and risk differences for tables. When you specify the RISKDIFF option, PROC FREQ provides the row 1 risk, row 2 risk, total (overall) risk, and risk difference (row 1 – row 2), together with their asymptotic standard errors and Wald confidence limits. PROC FREQ also provides exact (Clopper-Pearson) confidence limits for the row 1, row 2, and total risks by default. You can request exact unconditional confidence limits for the risk difference by specifying the RISKDIFF option in the EXACT statement. See the section Risks and Risk Differences for details. PROC FREQ displays these results in the column 1 and column 2 "Risk Estimates" tables.

You can specify riskdiff-options inside parentheses following the RISKDIFF option to request tests and additional confidence limits for the risk difference. Table 36.12 summarizes the riskdiff-options.

The EQUIV, NONINF, and SUP riskdiff-options request tests of equivalence, noninferiority, and superiority, respectively, for the risk difference. Available test methods include Farrington-Manning, Hauck-Anderson, and Newcombe score, in addition to the Wald test.

As part of the noninferiority, superiority, and equivalence analyses, PROC FREQ provides test-based confidence limits that have a confidence coefficient of % (Schuirmann 1999). The ALPHA= option determines the confidence level, and the default of ALPHA=0.05 produces 90% confidence limits. See the sections Noninferiority Tests and Equivalence Tests for details.

The CL= riskdiff-option requests confidence limits for the risk difference. Available confidence limit types include exact unconditional, Farrington-Manning, Hauck-Anderson, Newcombe score, and Wald. You can request more than one type of confidence limits in the same analysis. If you specify the CORRECT riskdiff-option, PROC FREQ includes continuity corrections in the Newcombe and Wald confidence limits. PROC FREQ displays the confidence limits in the "Proportion (Risk) Difference Confidence Limits" table.

The ALPHA= option determines the level of the confidence limits that the CL= riskdiff-option provides. The default of ALPHA=0.05 produces 95% confidence limits for the risk difference.

The CL=EXACT riskdiff-option displays exact unconditional confidence limits in the "Proportion (Risk) Difference Confidence Limits" table. When you use CL=EXACT, you must also request computation of the exact confidence limits by specifying the RISKDIFF option in the EXACT statement.

Table 36.12 RISKDIFF (Proportion Difference) Options

Option

Description

COLUMN=1 | 2

Specifies the risk column

CORRECT

Requests continuity correction

NORISKS

Suppresses default risk tables

Request Confidence Limits

CL=EXACT

Displays exact confidence limits

CL=FM

Requests Farrington-Manning confidence limits

CL=HA

Requests Hauck-Anderson confidence limits

CL=NEWCOMBE

Requests Newcombe confidence limits

CL=WALD

Requests Wald confidence limits

Request Tests

EQUAL

Requests an equality test

EQUIV | EQUIVALENCE

Requests an equivalence test

NONINF | NONINFERIORITY

Requests a noninferiority test

SUP | SUPERIORITY

Requests a superiority test

MARGIN=

Specifies the test margin

METHOD=

Specifies the test method

VAR=SAMPLE | NULL

Specifies the test variance

You can specify the following riskdiff-options inside parentheses following the RISKDIFF option:

CL=type | (types)

requests confidence limits for the risk difference. You can specify one or more types of confidence limits. PROC FREQ displays the confidence limits in the "Proportion (Risk) Difference Confidence Limits" table.

The ALPHA= option determines the confidence level, and the default of ALPHA=0.05 produces 95% confidence limits for the risk difference. This differs from the test-based confidence limits that are provided with the equivalence, noninferiority, and superiority tests (EQUIV, NONINF, and SUP), which have a confidence coefficient of % (Schuirmann 1999).

You can specify CL= with or without requests for risk difference tests. The confidence limits produced by CL= do not depend on the tests that you request and do not use the value of the test margin (which is specified by the MARGIN= riskdiff-option).

You can control the risk column for the confidence limits with the COLUMN= riskdiff-option. If you do not specify COLUMN=, PROC FREQ provides confidence limits for the column 1 risk difference by default.

The following types of confidence limits are available:

EXACT

displays exact unconditional confidence limits for the risk difference in the "Proportion (Risk) Difference Confidence Limits" table. You must also request computation of the exact confidence limits by specifying the RISKDIFF option in the EXACT statement.

PROC FREQ computes the confidence limits by inverting two separate one-sided exact tests (tail method), where the tests are based on the unstandardized risk difference by default. If you specify the RISKDIFF(METHOD=FMSCORE) option in the EXACT statement, the tests are based on the Farrington-Manning score statistic. See the RISKDIFF option in the EXACT statement and the section Exact Unconditional Confidence Limits for the Risk Difference for more information.

By default, PROC FREQ also displays these exact confidence limits in the "Risk Estimates" table. You can suppress this table by specifying the NORISKS riskdiff-option.

FM <(NULL=value)>

requests Farrington-Manning confidence limits for the risk difference. See the subsection Farrington-Manning Confidence Limits in the section Risk Difference Confidence Limits for details.

You can specify the null value of the risk difference for the Farrington-Manning computations by including NULL=value in parentheses following FM. The null risk difference value must be between –1 and 1. If you do not specify NULL=, the computations use a null risk difference of 0 by default. This differs from the Farrington-Manning confidence limits that are provided with the equivalence, noninferiority, and superiority tests, which use a null value based on the test margin (which is specified by the MARGIN= riskdiff-option).

HA

requests Hauck-Anderson confidence limits for the risk difference. See the subsection Hauck-Anderson Confidence Limits in the section Risk Difference Confidence Limits for details.

NEWCOMBE | SCORE | WILSON

requests Newcombe score confidence limits for the risk difference. If you specify the CORRECT riskdiff-option, the Newcombe confidence limits include a continuity correction. See the section Risk Difference Confidence Limits for details.

WALD <(NULL<=value>)>

requests Wald confidence limits for the risk difference. If you specify the CORRECT riskdiff-option, the Wald confidence limits include a continuity correction.

By default, the Wald confidence limits are computed by using a sample-based variance. If you specify NULL=value in parentheses following WALD, the confidence limit computations use a test-based variance with a null risk difference of value. The null value must be between –1 and 1. If you specify NULL but do not specify value, the computations use a test-based variance with a null value of 0.

See the subsection Wald Confidence Limits in the section Risk Difference Confidence Limits for details.

COLUMN=1 | 2 | BOTH

specifies the table column for which to compute the risk difference tests (EQUAL, EQUIV, NONINF, and SUP) and the risk difference confidence limits (which are requested by the CL= riskdiff-option).

If you do not specify COLUMN=, PROC FREQ provides the risk difference tests and confidence limits for column 1 by default. The COLUMN= option has no effect on the "Risk Estimates" table, which is produced for both column 1 and column 2. You can suppress the "Risk Estimates" table by specifying the NORISKS riskdiff-option.

CORRECT

includes a continuity correction in the Wald confidence limits, Wald tests, and Newcombe score confidence limits. See the section Risks and Risk Differences for details. The RISKDIFF(CORRECT) option is equivalent to the RISKDIFFC option.

EQUAL

requests a test of the null hypothesis that the risk difference equals zero. PROC FREQ provides an asymptotic Wald test of equality. If you specify the CORRECT riskdiff-option, the Wald test includes a continuity correction. If you specify the VAR=NULL riskdiff-option, the test uses the null (test-based) variance instead of the sample-based variance. See the section Equality Test for details.

EQUIV | EQUIVALENCE

requests a test of equivalence for the risk difference. See the section Equivalence Tests for details. You can specify the equivalence test margins with the MARGIN= riskdiff-option and the test method with the METHOD= riskdiff-option. PROC FREQ uses METHOD=WALD by default.

MARGIN=value | (lower,upper)

specifies the margin for the noninferiority, superiority, and equivalence tests, which you request with the NONINF, SUP, and EQUIV riskdiff-options, respectively. If you do not specify MARGIN=, PROC FREQ uses a margin of 0.2 by default.

For noninferiority and superiority tests, specify a single value for MARGIN=. The MARGIN= value must be a positive number. You can specify value as a number between 0 and 1. Or you can specify value in percentage form as a number between 1 and 100, and PROC FREQ converts that number to a proportion. The procedure treats the value 1 as 1%.

For an equivalence test, you can specify a single MARGIN= value, or you can specify both lower and upper values. If you specify a single MARGIN= value, it must be a positive number, as described previously. If you specify a single MARGIN= value for an equivalence test, PROC FREQ uses –value as the lower margin and value as the upper margin for the test. If you specify both lower and upper values for an equivalence test, you can specify them in proportion form as numbers between –1 or 1. Or you can specify them in percentage form as numbers between –100 and 100, and PROC FREQ converts the numbers to proportions. The value of lower must be less than the value of upper.

METHOD=method

specifies the method for the noninferiority, superiority, and equivalence analyses, which you request with the NONINF, SUP, and EQUIV riskdiff-options, respectively. If you do not specify the METHOD= riskdiff-option, PROC FREQ uses METHOD=WALD by default.

The following methods are available:

FM

requests Farrington-Manning tests and test-based confidence limits for the equivalence, noninferiority, and superiority analyses. See the subsection Farrington-Manning Test in the section Noninferiority Tests for details.

HA

requests Hauck-Anderson tests and confidence limits for the equivalence, noninferiority, and superiority analyses. See the subsection Hauck-Anderson Test in the section Noninferiority Tests for details.

NEWCOMBE | SCORE | WILSON

requests Newcombe score confidence limits for the equivalence, noninferiority, and superiority analyses. If you specify the CORRECT riskdiff-option, the Newcombe confidence limits include a continuity correction. See the subsection Newcombe Score Confidence Limits in the section Noninferiority Tests for details.

WALD

requests Wald tests and confidence limits for the equivalence, noninferiority, and superiority analyses. If you specify the CORRECT riskdiff-option, the Wald confidence limits include a continuity correction. If you specify the VAR=NULL riskdiff-option, the tests and confidence limits use the null (test-based) variance instead of the sample-based variance. See the subsection Wald Test in the section Noninferiority Tests for details.

NONINF | NONINFERIORITY

requests a test of noninferiority for the risk difference. See the section Noninferiority Tests for details. You can specify the test margin with the MARGIN= riskdiff-option and the test method with the METHOD= riskdiff-option. PROC FREQ uses METHOD=WALD by default.

NORISKS

suppresses display of the "Risk Estimates" tables, which the RISKDIFF option produces by default for column 1 and column 2. The "Risk Estimates" tables contain the risks and risk differences, together with their asymptotic standard errors, Wald confidence limits, and exact confidence limits.

SUP | SUPERIORITY

requests a test of superiority for the binomial proportion. See the section Superiority Test for details. You can specify the test margin with the MARGIN= riskdiff-option and the test method with the METHOD= riskdiff-option. PROC FREQ uses METHOD=WALD by default.

VAR=SAMPLE | NULL

specifies the type of variance estimate to use in the Wald tests of noninferiority, superiority, equivalence, and equality. The default is VAR=SAMPLE, which uses the sample-based variance. VAR=NULL uses a test-based variance that is computed from the null hypothesis risk difference value. See the sections Equality Test and Noninferiority Tests for details.

RISKDIFFC <(riskdiff-options)>

requests the RISKDIFF statistics for tables and includes continuity corrections in the Wald confidence limits, Wald tests, and Newcombe confidence limits. Specifying RISKDIFFC is equivalent to specifying the RISKDIFF(CORRECT) option.

The RISKDIFF statistics include risks (binomial proportions) and risk differences for tables. PROC FREQ provides the row 1 risk, row 2 risk, total risk, and risk difference (row 1 – row 2), together with their asymptotic standard errors and Wald confidence limits. PROC FREQ also provides exact (Clopper-Pearson) confidence limits for the row 1, row 2, and total risks by default. You can request exact unconditional confidence limits for the risk difference by specifying the RISKDIFF option in the EXACT statement.

You can specify riskdiff-options inside parentheses following RISKDIFFC to request tests and additional confidence limits for the risk difference. The riskdiff-options are the same as those available with the RISKDIFF option (Table 36.12). See the description of the RISKDIFF option and the section Risks and Risk Differences for details.

SCORES=type

specifies the type of row and column scores that PROC FREQ uses to compute the following statistics: Mantel-Haenszel chi-square, Pearson correlation, Cochran-Armitage test for trend, weighted kappa coefficient, and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics. The value of type can be one of the following:

  • MODRIDIT

  • RANK

  • RIDIT

  • TABLE

See the section Scores for descriptions of these score types.

If you do not specify the SCORES= option, PROC FREQ uses SCORES=TABLE by default. For character variables, the row and column TABLE scores are the row and column numbers. That is, the TABLE score is 1 for row 1, 2 for row 2, and so on. For numeric variables, the row and column TABLE scores equal the variable values. See the section Scores for details. Using MODRIDIT, RANK, or RIDIT scores yields nonparametric analyses.

You can use the SCOROUT option to display the row and column scores.

SCOROUT

displays the row and column scores that PROC FREQ uses to compute score-based tests and statistics. You can specify the score type with the SCORES= option. See the section Scores for details.

The scores are computed and displayed only when PROC FREQ computes statistics for two-way tables. You can use ODS to store the scores in an output data set. See the section ODS Table Names for more information.

SPARSE

reports all possible combinations of the variable values for an n-way table when , even if a combination does not occur in the data. The SPARSE option applies only to crosstabulation tables displayed in LIST format and to the OUT= output data set. If you do not use the LIST or OUT= option, the SPARSE option has no effect.

When you specify the SPARSE and LIST options, PROC FREQ displays all combinations of variable values in the table listing, including those with a frequency count of zero. By default, without the SPARSE option, PROC FREQ does not display zero-frequency levels in LIST output. When you use the SPARSE and OUT= options, PROC FREQ includes empty crosstabulation table cells in the output data set. By default, PROC FREQ does not include zero-frequency table cells in the output data set.

See the section Missing Values for more information.

TESTF=(values)

specifies the null hypothesis frequencies for a one-way chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which you request with the CHISQ option. See the section Chi-Square Test for One-Way Tables for details.

You can separate the TESTF= values with blanks or commas. The number of values must equal the number of variable levels in the one-way table. The sum of the values must equal the total frequency for the one-way table. List the values in the order in which the corresponding variable levels appear in the output. If you omit the CHISQ option, the TESTF= option invokes CHISQ.

TESTP=(values)

specifies the null hypothesis proportions for a one-way chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which you request with the CHISQ option. See the section Chi-Square Test for One-Way Tables for details.

You can separate the TESTP= values with blanks or commas. The number of values must equal the number of variable levels in the one-way table. List the values in the order in which the corresponding variable levels appear in the output. You can specify values in probability form as numbers between 0 and 1, where the proportions sum to 1. Or you can specify values in percentage form as numbers between 0 and 100, where the percentages sum to 100. If you omit the CHISQ option, the TESTP= option invokes CHISQ.

TOTPCT

displays the percentage of the total multiway table frequency in crosstabulation tables for -way tables, where . By default, PROC FREQ displays the percentage of the individual two-way table frequency but does not display the percentage of the total frequency for multiway crosstabulation tables. See the section Multiway Tables for more information.

The percentage of total multiway table frequency is displayed by default when you specify the LIST option. It is also provided by default in the PERCENT variable in the OUT= output data set.

TREND

requests the Cochran-Armitage test for trend. The table must be or to compute the trend test. See the section Cochran-Armitage Test for Trend for details.