The POWER Procedure

Type III F Test in Multiple Regression (TEST=TYPE3)

Maxwell (2000) discusses a number of different ways to represent effect sizes (and to compute exact power based on them) in multiple regression. PROC POWER supports two of these, multiple partial correlation and in full and reduced models.

Let denote the total number of predictors in the full model (excluding the intercept), and let denote the response variable. You are testing that the coefficients of predictors in a set are 0, controlling for all of the other predictors , which consists of variables.

The hypotheses can be expressed in two different ways. The first is in terms of , the multiple partial correlation between the predictors in and the response adjusting for the predictors in :

The second is in terms of the multiple correlations in full () and reduced () nested models:

Note that the squared values of and are the population values for full and reduced models.

The test statistic can be written in terms of the sample multiple partial correlation ,

or the sample multiple correlations in full () and reduced () models,

The test is the usual Type III test in multiple regression:

Although the test is invariant to whether the predictors are assumed to be random or fixed, the power is affected by this assumption. If the response and predictors are assumed to have a joint multivariate normal distribution, then the exact power is given by the following formula:

The distribution of (for any ) is given in Chapter 32 of Johnson, Kotz, and Balakrishnan (1995). Sample size tables are presented in Gatsonis and Sampson (1989).

If the predictors are assumed to have fixed values, then the exact power is given by the noncentral distribution. The noncentrality parameter is

or equivalently,

The power is

The minimum acceptable input value of depends on several factors, as shown in Table 70.30.