The POWER Procedure
- Overview
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Getting Started
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Syntax
PROC POWER Statement LOGISTIC Statement MULTREG Statement ONECORR Statement ONESAMPLEFREQ Statement ONESAMPLEMEANS Statement ONEWAYANOVA Statement PAIREDFREQ Statement PAIREDMEANS Statement PLOT Statement TWOSAMPLEFREQ Statement TWOSAMPLEMEANS Statement TWOSAMPLESURVIVAL Statement TWOSAMPLEWILCOXON Statement
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Details
Overview of Power Concepts Summary of Analyses Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements Sample Size Adjustment Options Error and Information Output Displayed Output ODS Table Names Computational Resources Computational Methods and Formulas ODS Graphics ODS Styles Suitable for Use with PROC POWER
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Examples
One-Way ANOVA The Sawtooth Power Function in Proportion Analyses Simple AB/BA Crossover Designs Noninferiority Test with Lognormal Data Multiple Regression and Correlation Comparing Two Survival Curves Confidence Interval Precision Customizing Plots Binary Logistic Regression with Independent Predictors Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test
- References
| PLOT Statement |
- PLOT <plot-options> </ graph-options> ;
The PLOT statement produces a graph or set of graphs for the sample size analysis defined by the previous analysis statement. The plot-options define the plot characteristics, and the graph-options are SAS/GRAPH-style options. If ODS Graphics is enabled, then the PLOT statement uses ODS Graphics to create graphs. For example:
ods listing style=htmlbluecml;
ods graphics on;
proc power;
onesamplemeans
mean = 5 10
ntotal = 150
stddev = 30 50
power = .;
plot x=n min=100 max=200;
run;
ods graphics off;
Otherwise, traditional graphics are produced. For example:
ods graphics off;
proc power;
onesamplemeans
mean = 5 10
ntotal = 150
stddev = 30 50
power = .;
plot x=n min=100 max=200;
run;
For more information about enabling and disabling ODS Graphics, see the section Enabling and Disabling ODS Graphics in Chapter 21, Statistical Graphics Using ODS.
The ODS LISTING STYLE=HTMLBLUECML statement specifies the HTMLBLUECML style, which is suitable for use with PROC POWER because it allows both marker symbols and line styles to vary. See the section ODS Styles Suitable for Use with PROC POWER for more information.
Options
You can specify the following plot-options in the PLOT statement.
- INTERPOL=JOIN | NONE
specifies the type of curve to draw through the computed points. The INTERPOL=JOIN option connects computed points by straight lines. The INTERPOL=NONE option leaves computed points unconnected.
- KEY=BYCURVE <( bycurve-options )>
- KEY=BYFEATURE <( byfeature-options )>
- KEY=ONCURVES
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specifies the style of key (or "legend") for the plot. The default is KEY=BYFEATURE, which specifies a key with a column of entries for each plot feature (line style, color, and/or symbol). Each entry shows the mapping between a value of the feature and the value(s) of the analysis parameter(s) linked to that feature. The KEY=BYCURVE option specifies a key with each row identifying a distinct curve in the plot. The KEY=ONCURVES option places a curve-specific label adjacent to each curve.
You can specify the following byfeature-options in parentheses after the KEY=BYCURVE option.- NUMBERS=OFF | ON
specifies how the key should identify curves. If NUMBERS=OFF, then the key includes symbol, color, and line style samples to identify the curves. If NUMBERS=ON, then the key includes numbers matching numeric labels placed adjacent to the curves. The default is NUMBERS=ON.
- POS=BOTTOM | INSET
specifies the position of the key. The POS=BOTTOM option places the key below the X axis. The POS=INSET option places the key inside the plotting region and attempts to choose the least crowded corner. The default is POS=BOTTOM.
You can specify the following byfeature-options in parentheses after KEY=BYFEATURE option. - MARKERS=ANALYSIS | COMPUTED | NICE | NONE
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specifies the locations for plotting symbols.
The MARKERS=ANALYSIS option places plotting symbols at locations corresponding to the values of the relevant input parameter from the analysis statement preceding the PLOT statement.
The MARKERS=COMPUTED option (the default) places plotting symbols at the locations of actual computed points from the sample size analysis.
The MARKERS=NICE option places plotting symbols at tick mark locations (corresponding to the argument axis).
The MARKERS=NONE option disables plotting symbols.
- MAX=number | DATAMAX
specifies the maximum of the range of values for the parameter associated with the "argument" axis (the axis that is not representing the parameter being solved for). The default is DATAMAX, which specifies the maximum value that occurs for this parameter in the analysis statement that precedes the PLOT statement.
- MIN=number | DATAMIN
specifies the minimum of the range of values for the parameter associated with the "argument" axis (the axis that is not representing the parameter being solved for). The default is DATAMIN, which specifies the minimum value that occurs for this parameter in the analysis statement that precedes the PLOT statement.
- NPOINTS=number
- NPTS=number
specifies the number of values for the parameter associated with the "argument" axis (the axis that is not representing the parameter being solved for). You cannot use the NPOINTS= and STEP= options simultaneously. The default value for typical situations is 20.
- STEP=number
specifies the increment between values of the parameter associated with the "argument" axis (the axis that is not representing the parameter being solved for). You cannot use the STEP= and NPOINTS= options simultaneously. By default, the NPOINTS= option is used instead of the STEP= option.
- VARY ( feature <BY parameter-list> <, ..., feature <BY parameter-list>> )
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specifies how plot features should be linked to varying analysis parameters. Available plot features are COLOR, LINESTYLE, PANEL, and SYMBOL. A "panel" refers to a separate plot with a heading identifying the subset of values represented in the plot.
The parameter-list is a list of one or more names separated by spaces. Each name must match the name of an analysis option used in the analysis statement preceding the PLOT statement. Also, the name must be the primary name for the analysis option—that is, the one listed first in the syntax description.
If you omit the < BY parameter-list > portion for a feature, then one or more multivalued parameters from the analysis will be automatically selected for you.
- X=EFFECT N POWER
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specifies a plot with the requested type of parameter on the X axis and the parameter being solved for on the Y axis. When X=EFFECT, the parameter assigned to the X axis is the one most representative of "effect size." When X=N, the parameter assigned to the X axis is the sample size. When X=POWER, the parameter assigned to the X axis is the one most representative of "power" (either power itself or a similar probability, such as Prob(Width) for confidence interval analyses). You cannot use the X= and Y= options simultaneously. The default is X=POWER, unless the result parameter is power or Prob(Width), in which case the default is X=N.
You can use the X=N option only when a scalar sample size parameter is used as input in the analysis. For example, X=N can be used with total sample size or sample size per group, or with two group sample sizes when one is being solved for.
Table 70.18 summarizes the parameters representing effect size in different analyses.
Table 70.18 Effect Size Parameters for Different Analyses Analysis Statement and Options
Effect Size Parameters
None
Partial correlation or
differenceCorrelation
Proportion
CI half-width
ONESAMPLEMEANS TEST=EQUIV
Mean
CI half-width
None
Discordant proportion difference or ratio
PAIREDMEANS TEST=DIFF,
PAIREDMEANS TEST=EQUIV_DIFF
Mean difference
PAIREDMEANS TEST=RATIO,
PAIREDMEANS TEST=EQUIV_RATIO
Mean ratio
PAIREDMEANS CI=DIFF
CI half-width
Proportion difference, odds ratio, or relative risk
TWOSAMPLEMEANS TEST=DIFF,
TWOSAMPLEMEANS TEST=DIFF_SATT,
TWOSAMPLEMEANS TEST=EQUIV_DIFF
Mean difference
TWOSAMPLEMEANS TEST=RATIO,
TWOSAMPLEMEANS TEST=EQUIV_RATIO
Mean ratio
TWOSAMPLEMEANS CI=DIFF
CI half-width
Hazard ratio if used, else none
None
- XOPTS=( x-options )
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specifies plot characteristics pertaining to the X axis.
You can specify the following x-options in parentheses.- CROSSREF=NO | YES
specifies whether the reference lines defined by the REF= x-option should be crossed with a reference line on the Y axis that indicates the solution point on the curve.
- REF=number-list
specifies locations for reference lines extending from the X axis across the entire plotting region. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.
- Y=EFFECT N POWER
specifies a plot with the requested type of parameter on the Y axis and the parameter being solved for on the X axis. When Y=EFFECT, the parameter assigned to the Y axis is the one most representative of "effect size." When Y=N, the parameter assigned to the Y axis is the sample size. When Y=POWER, the parameter assigned to the Y axis is the one most representative of "power" (either power itself or a similar probability, such as Prob(Width) for confidence interval analyses). You cannot use the Y= and X= options simultaneously. By default, the X= option is used instead of the Y= option.
- YOPTS=( y-options )
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specifies plot characteristics pertaining to the Y axis.
You can specify the following y-options in parentheses.
- CROSSREF=NO | YES
specifies whether the reference lines defined by the REF= y-option should be crossed with a reference line on the X axis that indicates the solution point on the curve.
- REF=number-list
specifies locations for reference lines extending from the Y axis across the entire plotting region. See the section Specifying Value Lists in Analysis Statements for information about specifying the number-list.
You can specify the following graph-options in the PLOT statement after a slash (/).
- DESCRIPTION=’string ’
specifies a descriptive string of up to 40 characters that appears in the "Description" field of the graphics catalog. The description does not appear on the plots. By default, PROC POWER assigns a description either of the form "Y versus X" (for a single-panel plot) or of the form "Y versus X (S)," where Y is the parameter on the Y axis, X is the parameter on the X axis, and S is a description of the subset represented on the current panel of a multipanel plot.
- NAME=’string ’
specifies a name of up to eight characters for the catalog entry for the plot. The default name is PLOTn, where n is the number of the plot statement within the current invocation of PROC POWER. If the name duplicates the name of an existing entry, SAS/GRAPH software adds a number to the duplicate name to create a unique entry—for example, PLOT11 and PLOT12 for the second and third panels of a multipanel plot generated in the first PLOT statement in an invocation of PROC POWER.