Response Probability Distribution Functions :: SAS/STAT(R) 13.1 User's Guide: High-Performance Procedures

Response Probability Distribution Functions

Subsections:

Binary Distribution
Binomial Distribution
Gamma Distribution
Inverse Gaussian Distribution
Multinomial Distribution
Negative Binomial Distribution
Normal Distribution
Poisson Distribution
Tweedie Distribution
Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Distribution
Zero-Inflated Poisson Distribution

Binary Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y) & = & \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} p & \mbox{for } y=1 \\ 1-p & \mbox{for } y=0 \\ \end{array} \right. \\ \mr {E}(Y) & = & p \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & p(1-p) \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

Binomial Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y) & = & {\left( \begin{array}{c}n \cr r\end{array}\right) } \mu ^ r (1-\mu )^{n-r}~ ~ ~ \mbox{for } y=\frac{r}{n}, ~ r=0,1, 2,\ldots ,n \\ \mr {E}(Y) & = & \mu \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & \frac{\mu (1-\mu )}{n} \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

Gamma Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y) & = & \frac{1}{\Gamma (\nu )y} \left( \frac{y\nu }{\mu } \right)^{\nu } \exp \left(-\frac{y \nu }{\mu } \right)~ ~ ~ \mbox{for } 0 < y < \infty \\ \phi & = & \frac{1}{\nu } \\ \mr {E}(Y) & = & \mu \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & \frac{\mu ^2}{\nu } \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

For the gamma distribution, $\nu =\frac{1}{\phi }$ is the estimated dispersion parameter that is displayed in the output. The parameter $\nu$ is also sometimes called the gamma index parameter.

Inverse Gaussian Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y) & = & \frac{1}{\sqrt {2\pi y^3} \sigma } \exp \left[ -\frac{1}{2y} \left( \frac{y-\mu }{\mu \sigma } \right)^2 \right]~ ~ ~ \mbox{for } 0 < y < \infty \\ \phi & = & \sigma ^2 \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & \phi \mu ^3 \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

Multinomial Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y_1, y_2,\cdots ,y_ k) & = & \frac{m!}{y_1! y_2! \cdots y_ k!}p_1^{y_1} p_2^{y_2} \cdots p_ k^{y_ k} \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

Negative Binomial Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y) & = & \frac{\Gamma (y+1/k)}{\Gamma (y+1)\Gamma (1/k)} \frac{(k\mu )^ y}{(1+k\mu )^{y+1/k}}~ ~ ~ \mbox{for } y = 0,1,2,\ldots \\ \phi & = & k \\ \mr {E}(Y) & = & \mu \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & \mu + \phi \mu ^2 \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

For the negative binomial distribution, k is the estimated dispersion parameter that is displayed in the output.

Normal Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y) & = & \frac{1}{\sqrt {2\pi } \sigma } \exp \left[ -\frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{y-\mu }{\sigma } \right)^2 \right]~ ~ ~ \mbox{for } -\infty < y < \infty \\ \phi & = & \sigma ^{2} \\ \mr {E}(Y) & = & \mu \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & \phi \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

Poisson Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y) & = & \frac{\mu ^ y \mr {e}^{-\mu }}{y!}~ ~ ~ \mbox{for } y = 0,1,2,\ldots \\ \mr {E}(Y) & = & \mu \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & \mu \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

Tweedie Distribution

The Tweedie model is a generalized linear model from the exponential family. The Tweedie distribution is characterized by three parameters: the mean parameter $\mu$ , the dispersion $\phi$ , and the power p. The variance of the distribution is $\phi \mu ^ p$ . For values of p in the range $1<p<2$ , a Tweedie random variable can be represented as a Poisson sum of gamma distributed random variables. That is,

$Y = \sum _{i=1}^{N}Y_ i$

where N has a Poisson distribution that has mean $\lambda =\frac{\mu ^{2-p}}{\phi (2-p)}$ and the $Y_ i\mr {s}$ have independent, identical gamma distributions, each of which has an expected value $\mr {E}(Y_ i)=\phi (2-p)\mu ^{p-1}$ and an index parameter $\nu _ i=\frac{2-p}{p-1}$ .

In this case, Y has a discrete mass at 0, $\mr {Pr}(Y=0)=\mr {Pr}(N=0)=\exp (-\lambda )$ , and the probability density of Y $f(y)$ is represented by an infinite series for $y>0$ . The HPGENSELECT procedure restricts the power parameter to satisfy $1.1<=p$ for numerical stability in model fitting. The Tweedie distribution does not have a general closed form representation for all values of p. It can be characterized in terms of the distribution mean parameter $\mu$ , dispersion parameter $\phi$ , and power parameter p. For more information about the Tweedie distribution, see Frees (2010).

The distribution mean and variance are given by:

$\begin{eqnarray*} \mr {E}(Y) & = & \mu \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & \phi \mu ^ p \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y) & = & \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \omega + (1-\omega )(1+k\lambda )^{-\frac{1}{k}} & \mbox{for } y=0 \\ (1-\omega ) \frac{\Gamma (y+1/k)}{\Gamma (y+1)\Gamma (1/k)} \frac{(k\lambda )^ y}{(1+k\lambda )^{y+1/k}} & \mbox{for } y = 1,2,\ldots \\ \end{array} \right. \\ \phi & = & k \\ \mu = \mr {E}(Y) & = & (1-\omega )\lambda \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & (1-\omega )\lambda (1+\omega \lambda + k\lambda ) \\ & = & \mu + \left(\frac{\omega }{1-\omega }+\frac{k}{1-\omega }\right)\mu ^2 \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

For the zero-inflated negative binomial distribution, k is the estimated dispersion parameter that is displayed in the output.

Zero-Inflated Poisson Distribution

$\begin{eqnarray*} f(y) & = & \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \omega + (1-\omega )\mr {e}^{-\lambda } & \mbox{for } y=0 \\ (1-\omega )\frac{\lambda ^ y \mr {e}^{-\lambda }}{y!} & \mbox{for } y = 1,2,\ldots \\ \end{array} \right. \\ \mu = \mr {E}(Y) & = & (1-\omega )\lambda \\ \mr {Var}(Y) & = & (1-\omega )\lambda (1+\omega \lambda ) \\ & = & \mu + \frac{\omega }{1-\omega }\mu ^2 \\ \end{eqnarray*}$

The HPGENSELECT Procedure