Example 95.4 AB/BA Crossover Design

Senn (2002, Chapter 3) discusses a study comparing the effectiveness of two bronchodilators, formoterol ("for") and salbutamol ("sal"), in the treatment of childhood asthma. A total of 13 children are recruited for an AB/BA crossover design. A random sample of 7 of the children are assigned to the treatment sequence for/sal, receiving a dose of formoterol upon an intial visit ("period 1") and then a dose of salbutamol upon a later visit ("period 2"). The other 6 children are assigned to the sequence sal/for, receiving the treatments in the reverse order but otherwise in a similar manner. Periods 1 and 2 are sufficiently spaced so that no carryover effects are suspected. After a child inhales a dose of a bronchodilator, peak expiratory flow (PEF) is measured. Higher PEF indicates greater effectiveness. The data are assumed to be approximately normally distributed.


The data set is generated with the following statements:

data asthma;
   input Drug1 $ Drug2 $ PEF1 PEF2 @@;
   datalines;
for sal 310 270   for sal 310 260  for sal 370 300
for sal 410 390   for sal 250 210  for sal 380 350
for sal 330 365
sal for 370 385   sal for 310 400  sal for 380 410
sal for 290 320   sal for 260 340  sal for 90  220
;
run;

You can display the data by using the following statements, which produce Output 95.4.1:

proc print data=asthma;
run;

Output 95.4.1 Asthma Study Data
Obs Drug1 Drug2 PEF1 PEF2
1 for sal 310 270
2 for sal 310 260
3 for sal 370 300
4 for sal 410 390
5 for sal 250 210
6 for sal 380 350
7 for sal 330 365
8 sal for 370 385
9 sal for 310 400
10 sal for 380 410
11 sal for 290 320
12 sal for 260 340
13 sal for 90 220

The variables PEF1 and PEF2 represent the responses for the first and second periods, respectively. The variables Drug1 and Drug2 represent the treatment in each period.

You can analyze this crossover design by using the CROSSOVER= option after a slash (/) in the VAR statement:

ods graphics on;

proc ttest data=asthma plots=interval;
   var PEF1 PEF2 / crossover= (Drug1 Drug2);
run;

ods graphics off;

With the default PROC TTEST options TEST=DIFF and DIST=NORMAL and the lack of the IGNOREPERIOD option in the VAR statement, both the treatment difference and the period difference are assessed. The PROC TTEST default options H0=0, SIDES=2, and ALPHA=0.05 specify a two-sided analysis with 95% confidence limits comparing treatment and period differences to a default difference of zero. The default CI=EQUAL option in the PROC TTEST statement requests equal-tailed confidence intervals for standard deviations. The PLOTS=INTERVAL option produces TYPE=TREATMENT confidence intervals, in addition to the default plots AGREEMENT(TYPE=TREATMENT), BOX, HISTOGRAM, PROFILES(TYPE=TREATMENT), and QQ.

Output 95.4.2 summarizes the response and treatment variables for each period.

Output 95.4.2 Crossover Variable Information
The TTEST Procedure
 
Response Variables: PEF1, PEF2

Crossover Variable
Information
Period Response Treatment
1 PEF1 Drug1
2 PEF2 Drug2

Output 95.4.3 displays basic summary statistics (sample size, mean, standard deviation, standard error, minimum, and maximum) for each of the four cells in the design, the treatment difference within each treatment sequence, the overall treatment difference, and the overall period difference.

Output 95.4.3 Statistics
Sequence Treatment Period N Mean Std Dev Std Err Minimum Maximum
1 for 1 7 337.1 53.7631 20.3206 250.0 410.0
2 for 2 6 345.8 70.8814 28.9372 220.0 410.0
2 sal 1 6 283.3 105.4 43.0245 90.0000 380.0
1 sal 2 7 306.4 64.7247 24.4636 210.0 390.0
1 Diff (1-2)   7 30.7143 32.9682 12.4608 -35.0000 70.0000
2 Diff (1-2)   6 62.5000 44.6934 18.2460 15.0000 130.0
Both Diff (1-2)     46.6071 19.3702 10.7766    
Both   Diff (1-2)   -15.8929 19.3702 10.7766    

The treatment difference "Diff (1-2)" corresponds to the "for" treatment minus the "sal" treatment, because "for" appears before "sal" in the output, according to the ORDER=MIXED default PROC TTEST option. Its mean estimate is 46.6071, favoring formoterol over salbutamol. The standard deviation (Std Dev) reported for a "difference" is actually the pooled standard deviation across both treatment sequence (for/sal and sal/for), assuming equal variances. The standard error (Std Err) is the standard deviation of the mean estimate.

The top half of the table in Output 95.4.4 shows 95% two-sided confidence limits for the means for the same criteria addressed in the table in Output 95.4.3.

Output 95.4.4 Confidence Limits
Sequence Treatment Period Method Mean 95% CL Mean Std Dev 95% CL Std Dev
1 for 1   337.1 287.4 386.9 53.7631 34.6446 118.4
2 for 2   345.8 271.4 420.2 70.8814 44.2447 173.8
2 sal 1   283.3 172.7 393.9 105.4 65.7841 258.5
1 sal 2   306.4 246.6 366.3 64.7247 41.7082 142.5
1 Diff (1-2)     30.7143 0.2238 61.2048 32.9682 21.2445 72.5982
2 Diff (1-2)     62.5000 15.5972 109.4 44.6934 27.8980 109.6
Both Diff (1-2)   Pooled 46.6071 22.8881 70.3262 19.3702 13.7217 32.8882
Both Diff (1-2)   Satterthwaite 46.6071 21.6585 71.5558      
Both   Diff (1-2) Pooled -15.8929 -39.6119 7.8262 19.3702 13.7217 32.8882
Both   Diff (1-2) Satterthwaite -15.8929 -40.8415 9.0558      

For the mean differences, both pooled (assuming equal variances for both treatment sequences) and Satterthwaite (assuming unequal variances) intervals are shown. For example, the pooled confidence limits for the overall treatment mean difference (for sal) assuming equal variances are 22.8881 and 70.3262.

The bottom half of Output 95.4.4 shows 95% equal-tailed confidence limits for the standard deviations within each cell and for the treatment difference within each sequence. It also shows confidence limits for the pooled common standard deviation assuming equal variances. Note that the pooled standard deviation of 19.3702 and associated confidence limits 13.7217 and 32.8882 apply to both difference tests (treatment and period), since each of those tests involves the same pooled standard deviation.

Output 95.4.5 shows the results of t tests of treatment and period differences.

Output 95.4.5 t Tests
Treatment Period Method Variances DF t Value Pr > |t|
Diff (1-2)   Pooled Equal 11 4.32 0.0012
Diff (1-2)   Satterthwaite Unequal 9.1017 4.22 0.0022
  Diff (1-2) Pooled Equal 11 -1.47 0.1683
  Diff (1-2) Satterthwaite Unequal 9.1017 -1.44 0.1838

Both pooled and Satterhthwaite versions of the test of treatment difference are highly significant ( and ), and both versions of the test of period difference are insignificant ( and ).

The folded test of equal variances in each treatment sequence is shown in Output 95.4.6.

Output 95.4.6 Equality of Variances Test
Equality of Variances
Method Num DF Den DF F Value Pr > F
Folded F 5 6 1.84 0.4797

The insignificant result () implies a lack of evidence for unequal variances. However, it does not demonstrate equal variances, and it is not very robust to deviations from normality.

Output 95.4.7 shows the distribution of the response variables PEF1 and PEF2 within each of the four cells (combinations of two treatments and two periods) of the AB/BA crossover design, in terms of histograms and normal and kernel density estimates.

Output 95.4.7 Comparative Histograms
 Comparative Histograms

The distributions for the first treatment sequence (for/sal) appear to be somewhat symmetric, and the distributions for the sal/for sequence appear to be skewed to the left.

Output 95.4.8 shows a similar distributional summary but in terms of box plots.

Output 95.4.8 Comparative Box Plots
 Comparative Box Plots

The relative locations of means and medians in each box plot corroborate the fact that the distributions for the sal/for sequence are skewed to the left. The distributions for the for/sal sequence appear to be skewed slightly to the right. The box plot for the salbutamol treatment in the first period shows an outlier (the circle on the far left side of the plot).

The treatment agreement plot in Output 95.4.9 reveals that only a single observation has a higher peak expiratory flow for salbutamol.

Output 95.4.9 Agreement of Treatments Plot
 Agreement of Treatments Plot

The mean for the sal/for treatment sequence is farther from the diagonal equivalence line, revealing that the treatment difference is more pronounced for the 6 observations in the sal/for sequence than for the 7 observations in the for/sal sequence. This fact is also seen numerically in Output 95.4.3 and Output 95.4.4, which show within-sequence treatment differences of 30.7 for for/sal and 62.5 for sal/for.

The profiles over treatment plot in Output 95.4.10 is a different view of the same information contained in Output 95.4.9, plotting the profiles from formoterol to salbutamol treatments. The lone observation for which the peak expiratory flow is higher for salbutamol appears as the only line with negative slope.

Output 95.4.10 Profiles over Treatment
 Profiles over Treatment

The Q-Q plots in Output 95.4.11 assess normality assumption within each of the four cells of the design.

Output 95.4.11 Q-Q Plots
 Q-Q Plots

The two Q-Q plots for the sal/for sequence (lower left and upper right) suggest some possible normality violations in the tails, but the sample size is too small to make any strong conclusions. You could use the UNIVARIATE procedure with the NORMAL option to numerically check the normality assumptions.

Finally, Output 95.4.12 shows both pooled and Satterthwaite two-sided 95% confidence intervals for the treatment difference.

Output 95.4.12 Confidence Intervals for Treatment Difference
 Confidence Intervals for Treatment Difference

The pooled interval is slightly smaller than the Satterthwaite interval. (This is not always the case.)