The ROBUSTREG Procedure

ODS Graphics

Statistical procedures use ODS Graphics to create graphs as part of their output. ODS Graphics is described in detail in Chapter 21: Statistical Graphics Using ODS.

Before you create graphs, ODS Graphics must be enabled (for example, by specifying the ODS GRAPHICS ON statement). For more information about enabling and disabling ODS Graphics, see the section Enabling and Disabling ODS Graphics in Chapter 21: Statistical Graphics Using ODS.

The overall appearance of graphs is controlled by ODS styles. Styles and other aspects of using ODS Graphics are discussed in the section A Primer on ODS Statistical Graphics in Chapter 21: Statistical Graphics Using ODS.

If the model includes a single continuous independent variable, a plot of robust fit against this variable (fit plot) is provided by default. Two plots are particularly useful in revealing outliers and leverage points. The first is a scatter plot of the standardized robust residuals against the robust distances (RD plot). The second is a scatter plot of the robust distances against the classical Mahalanobis distances (DD plot). In addition to these two plots, a histogram and a quantile-quantile plot of the standardized robust residuals are also helpful.

PROC ROBUSTREG assigns a name to each graph that it creates using ODS Graphics. You can use these names to refer to the graphs when using ODS. The graph names and corresponding PLOTS= options are listed in Table 86.12.

Table 86.12: Graphs Produced by PROC ROBUSTREG

ODS Graph Name

Plot Description

Statement

PLOTS= Option

DDPlot

Robust distance versus Mahalanobis distance (or projected robust distance versus projected Mahalanobis distance)

PROC

DDPLOT

FitPlot

Robust fit versus independent variable

PROC

FITPLOT

Histogram

Histogram of standardized robust residuals

PROC

HISTOGRAM

QQPlot

Quantile-quantile plot of standardized robust residuals

PROC

QQPLOT

RDPlot

Standardized robust residual versus robust distance (or projected robust distance)

PROC

RDPLOT


Fit Plot

When the model has a single independent continuous variable (with or without the intercept), the ROBUSTREG procedure automatically creates a plot of robust fit against this independent variable.

The following simple example shows the fit plot. The data, from Rousseeuw and Leroy (1987, Table 3), include the logarithm of surface temperature and the logarithm of light intensity for 47 stars in the direction of the constellation Cygnus.

data star;
   input index x y @@;
   label x = 'Log Temperature'
         y = 'Log Light Intensity';
   datalines;
 1  4.37  5.23    2  4.56  5.74    3  4.26  4.93    4  4.56  5.74
 5  4.30  5.19    6  4.46  5.46    7  3.84  4.65    8  4.57  5.27
 9  4.26  5.57   10  4.37  5.12   11  3.49  5.73   12  4.43  5.45
13  4.48  5.42   14  4.01  4.05   15  4.29  4.26   16  4.42  4.58
17  4.23  3.94   18  4.42  4.18   19  4.23  4.18   20  3.49  5.89
21  4.29  4.38   22  4.29  4.22   23  4.42  4.42   24  4.49  4.85
25  4.38  5.02   26  4.42  4.66   27  4.29  4.66   28  4.38  4.90
29  4.22  4.39   30  3.48  6.05   31  4.38  4.42   32  4.56  5.10
33  4.45  5.22   34  3.49  6.29   35  4.23  4.34   36  4.62  5.62
37  4.53  5.10   38  4.45  5.22   39  4.53  5.18   40  4.43  5.57
41  4.38  4.62   42  4.45  5.06   43  4.50  5.34   44  4.45  5.34
45  4.55  5.54   46  4.45  4.98   47  4.42  4.50
;

The following statements use the MM method to plot the robust fit of the logarithm of light intensity against the logarithm of the surface temperature:

ods graphics on;
proc robustreg data=star method=mm;
   model y = x;
run;

Figure 86.22 shows the fit plot. Confidence limits are added to the plot by default.

Figure 86.22: Robust Fit

Robust Fit


You can suppress the confidence limits by specifying the NOLIMITS option, as shown in the following statements:

proc robustreg data=star method=mm plot=fitplot(nolimits);
   model y = x;
run;

Distance-Distance Plot

The distance-distance (DD) plot is mainly used for leverage-point diagnostics. It is a scatter plot of the robust distances (or projected robust distances) against the classical Mahalanobis distances (or projected classical Mahalanobis distances) for the independent variables. For more information about the robust distance, see the section Leverage-Point and Outlier Detection.

You can use the PLOT=DDPLOT option to request this plot. The following statements use the Stack data set in the section M Estimation to create the single plot shown in Figure 86.5:

proc robustreg data=Stack plot=ddplot;
   model y = x1 x2 x3;
run;

The reference lines represent the cutoff values. The diagonal line is also drawn to show the distribution of the distances. By default, all outliers and leverage points are labeled with observation numbers. To change the default, you can use the LABEL= option as described in Table 86.2.

If you specify ID variables in the ID statement, the values of the first ID variable instead of observation numbers are used as labels.

Residual-Distance Plot

The residual-distance (RD) plot is used for both outlier and leverage-point diagnostics. It is a scatter plot of the standardized robust residuals against the robust distances. For more information about the robust distance, see the section Leverage-Point and Outlier Detection.

You can use the PLOT=RDPLOT option to request the RD plot. The following statements use the Stack data set in the section M Estimation to create the plot shown in Figure 86.4:

proc robustreg data=Stack plot=rdplot;
   model y = x1 x2 x3;
run;

The reference lines represent the cutoff values. By default, all outliers and leverage points are labeled with observation numbers. To change the default, you can use the LABEL= option as described in Table 86.2.

If you specify ID variables in the ID statement, the values of the first ID variable instead of observation numbers are used as labels.

Histogram and Q-Q Plot

PROC ROBUSTREG produces a histogram and a Q-Q plot for the standardized robust residuals. The histogram is superimposed with a normal density curve and a kernel density curve. The following statements use the Stack data set from the section M Estimation to create the plots in Figure 86.6 and Figure 86.7:

proc robustreg data=Stack plots=(histogram qqplot);
   model y = x1 x2 x3;
run;