The UNIVARIATE Procedure

PROBPLOT Statement

Subsections:

Distribution Options
General Graphics Options
Dictionary of Options

PROBPLOT <variables> < / options>;

The PROBPLOT statement creates a probability plot, which compares ordered variable values with the percentiles of a specified theoretical distribution. If the data distribution matches the theoretical distribution, the points on the plot form a linear pattern. Consequently, you can use a probability plot to determine how well a theoretical distribution models a set of measurements.

Probability plots are similar to Q-Q plots, which you can create with the QQPLOT statement. Probability plots are preferable for graphical estimation of percentiles, whereas Q-Q plots are preferable for graphical estimation of distribution parameters.

You can use any number of PROBPLOT statements in the UNIVARIATE procedure. The components of the PROBPLOT statement are as follows.

variables

are the variables for which probability plots are created. If you specify a VAR statement, the variables must also be listed in the VAR statement. Otherwise, the variables can be any numeric variables in the input data set. If you do not specify a list of variables, then by default the procedure creates a probability plot for each variable listed in the VAR statement, or for each numeric variable in the DATA= data set if you do not specify a VAR statement. For example, each of the following PROBPLOT statements produces two probability plots, one for Length and one for Width:

proc univariate data=Measures;
   var Length Width;
   probplot;

proc univariate data=Measures;
   probplot Length Width;
run;

options

specify the theoretical distribution for the plot or add features to the plot. If you specify more than one variable, the options apply equally to each variable. Specify all options after the slash (/) in the PROBPLOT statement. You can specify only one option that names a distribution in each PROBPLOT statement, but you can specify any number of other options. The distributions available are the beta, exponential, gamma, generalized Pareto, Gumbel, lognormal, normal, Rayleigh, two-parameter Weibull, and three-parameter Weibull. By default, the procedure produces a plot for the normal distribution.

In the following example, the NORMAL option requests a normal probability plot for each variable, while the MU= and SIGMA= normal-options request a distribution reference line corresponding to the normal distribution with and . The SQUARE option displays the plot in a square frame, and the CTEXT= option specifies the text color.

proc univariate data=Measures;
   probplot Length1 Length2 / normal(mu=10 sigma=0.3)
                              square ctext=blue;
run;

Table 4.18 through Table 4.20 list the PROBPLOT options by function. For complete descriptions, see the sections Dictionary of Options and Dictionary of Common Options. Options can be any of the following:

primary options
secondary options
general options

Distribution Options

Table 4.18 lists options for requesting a theoretical distribution.

Table 4.18: Primary Options for Theoretical Distributions

Option	Description
BETA(beta-options)	specifies beta probability plot for shape parameters and specified with mandatory ALPHA= and BETA= beta-options
EXPONENTIAL(exponential-options)	specifies exponential probability plot
GAMMA(gamma-options)	specifies gamma probability plot for shape parameter specified with mandatory ALPHA= gamma-option
GUMBEL(Gumbel-options)	specifies Gumbel probability plot
LOGNORMAL(lognormal-options)	specifies lognormal probability plot for shape parameter specified with mandatory SIGMA= lognormal-option
NORMAL(normal-options)	specifies normal probability plot
PARETO(Pareto-options)	specifies generalized Pareto probability plot for shape parameter specified with mandatory ALPHA= Pareto-option
POWER(power-options)	specifies power function probability plot for shape parameter specified with mandatory ALPHA= power-option
RAYLEIGH(Rayleigh-options)	specifies Rayleigh probability plot
WEIBULL(Weibull-options)	specifies three-parameter Weibull probability plot for shape parameter c specified with mandatory C= Weibull-option
WEIBULL2(Weibull2-options)	specifies two-parameter Weibull probability plot

Table 4.19 lists secondary options that specify distribution parameters and control the display of a distribution reference line. Specify these options in parentheses after the distribution keyword. For example, you can request a normal probability plot with a distribution reference line by specifying the NORMAL option as follows:

proc univariate;
   probplot Length / normal(mu=10 sigma=0.3 color=red);
run;

The MU= and SIGMA= normal-options display a distribution reference line that corresponds to the normal distribution with mean and standard deviation , and the COLOR= normal-option specifies the color for the line.

Table 4.19: Secondary Distribution Options

Option	Description
Options Used with All Distributions
COLOR=	specifies color of distribution reference line
L=	specifies line type of distribution reference line
W=	specifies width of distribution reference line
Beta-Options
ALPHA=	specifies mandatory shape parameter
BETA=	specifies mandatory shape parameter
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line
THETA=	specifies for distribution reference line
Exponential-Options
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line
THETA=	specifies for distribution reference line
Gamma-Options
ALPHA=	specifies mandatory shape parameter
ALPHADELTA=	specifies change in successive estimates of at which the Newton-Raphson approximation of terminates
ALPHAINITIAL=	specifies initial value for in the Newton-Raphson approximation of
MAXITER=	specifies maximum number of iterations in the Newton-Raphson approximation of
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line
THETA=	specifies for distribution reference line
Gumbel-Options
MU=	specifies for distribution reference line
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line
Lognormal-Options
SIGMA=	specifies mandatory shape parameter
SLOPE=	specifies slope of distribution reference line
THETA=	specifies for distribution reference line
ZETA=	specifies for distribution reference line (slope is )
Normal-Options
MU=	specifies for distribution reference line
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line
Pareto-Options
ALPHA=	specifies mandatory shape parameter
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line
THETA=	specifies for distribution reference line
Power-Options
ALPHA=	specifies mandatory shape parameter
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line
THETA=	specifies for distribution reference line
Rayleigh-Options
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line
THETA=	specifies for distribution reference line
Weibull-Options
C=	specifies mandatory shape parameter c
ITPRINT	requests table of iteration history and optimizer details
MAXITER=	specifies maximum number of iterations in the Newton-Raphson approximation of
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line
THETA=	specifies for distribution reference line
Weibull2-Options
C=	specifies for distribution reference line (slope is )
ITPRINT	requests table of iteration history and optimizer details
MAXITER=	specifies maximum number of iterations in the Newton-Raphson approximation of
SIGMA=	specifies for distribution reference line (intercept is )
SLOPE=	specifies slope of distribution reference line
THETA=	specifies known lower threshold

General Graphics Options

Table 4.20 summarizes the general options for enhancing probability plots.

Table 4.20: General Graphics Options

Option	Description
General Graphics Options
GRID	creates a grid
HREF=	specifies reference lines perpendicular to the horizontal axis
HREFLABELS=	specifies labels for HREF= lines
HREFLABPOS=	specifies position for HREF= line labels
NOHLABEL	suppresses label for horizontal axis
NOVLABEL	suppresses label for vertical axis
NOVTICK	suppresses tick marks and tick mark labels for vertical axis
PCTLORDER=	specifies tick mark labels for percentile axis
ROTATE	switches horizontal and vertical axes
SQUARE	displays plot in square format
VREF=	specifies reference lines perpendicular to the vertical axis
VREFLABELS=	specifies labels for VREF= lines
VREFLABPOS=	specifies horizontal position of labels for VREF= lines
VAXISLABEL=	specifies label for vertical axis
Options for Traditional Graphics Output
ANNOTATE=	specifies annotate data set
CAXIS=	specifies color for axis
CFRAME=	specifies color for frame
CGRID=	specifies color for grid lines
CHREF=	specifies colors for HREF= lines
CSTATREF=	specifies colors for STATREF= lines
CTEXT=	specifies color for text
CVREF=	specifies colors for VREF= lines
DESCRIPTION=	specifies description for plot in graphics catalog
FONT=	specifies software font for text
HAXIS=	specifies AXIS statement for horizontal axis
HEIGHT=	specifies height of text used outside framed areas
HMINOR=	specifies number of horizontal minor tick marks
INFONT=	specifies software font for text inside framed areas
INHEIGHT=	specifies height of text inside framed areas
LGRID=	specifies a line type for grid lines
LHREF=	specifies line types for HREF= lines
LSTATREF=	specifies line types for STATREF= lines
LVREF=	specifies line types for VREF= lines
NAME=	specifies name for plot in graphics catalog
NOFRAME	suppresses frame around plotting area
PCTLMINOR	requests minor tick marks for percentile axis
WAXIS=	specifies line thickness for axes and frame
WGRID=	specifies line thickness for grid
TURNVLABELS	turns and vertically strings out characters in labels for vertical axis
VAXIS=	specifies AXIS statement for vertical axis
VMINOR=	specifies number of vertical minor tick marks
Options for ODS Graphics Output
NOLINELEGEND	suppresses legend for distribution reference line
ODSFOOTNOTE=	specifies footnote displayed on plot
ODSFOOTNOTE2=	specifies secondary footnote displayed on plot
ODSTITLE=	specifies title displayed on plot
ODSTITLE2=	specifies secondary title displayed on plot
OVERLAY	overlays plots for different class levels (ODS Graphics only)
Options for Comparative Plots
ANNOKEY	applies annotation requested in ANNOTATE= data set to key cell only
CFRAMESIDE=	specifies color for filling frame for row labels
CFRAMETOP=	specifies color for filling frame for column labels
CPROP=	specifies color for proportion of frequency bar
CTEXTSIDE=	specifies color for row labels
CTEXTTOP=	specifies color for column labels
INTERTILE=	specifies distance between tiles
NCOLS=	specifies number of columns in comparative probability plot
NROWS=	specifies number of rows in comparative probability plot
Miscellaneous Options
CONTENTS=	specifies table of contents entry for probability plot grouping
NADJ=	adjusts sample size when computing percentiles
RANKADJ=	adjusts ranks when computing percentiles

Dictionary of Options

The following entries provide detailed descriptions of options in the PROBPLOT statement. Options marked with † are applicable only when traditional graphics are produced. See the section Dictionary of Common Options for detailed descriptions of options common to all plot statements.

ALPHA=value-list | EST

specifies the mandatory shape parameter for probability plots requested with the BETA, GAMMA, PARETO, and POWER options. Enclose the ALPHA= option in parentheses after the distribution keyword. If you specify ALPHA=EST, a maximum likelihood estimate is computed for .

BETA(ALPHA=value | EST BETA=value | EST <beta-options>)

creates a beta probability plot for each combination of the required shape parameters and specified by the required ALPHA= and BETA= beta-options. If you specify ALPHA=EST and BETA=EST, the procedure creates a plot based on maximum likelihood estimates for and . You can specify the SCALE= beta-option as an alias for the SIGMA= beta-option and the THRESHOLD= beta-option as an alias for the THETA= beta-option. To create a plot that is based on maximum likelihood estimates for and , specify ALPHA=EST and BETA=EST.

To obtain graphical estimates of and , specify lists of values in the ALPHA= and BETA= beta-options, and select the combination of and that most nearly linearizes the point pattern. To assess the point pattern, you can add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to lower threshold parameter and scale parameter with the THETA= and SIGMA= beta-options. Alternatively, you can add a line that corresponds to estimated values of and with the beta-options THETA=EST and SIGMA=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the beta distribution with parameters , , , and is a good fit.

BETA=value-list | EST B=value-list | EST

specifies the mandatory shape parameter for probability plots requested with the BETA option. Enclose the BETA= option in parentheses after the BETA option. If you specify BETA=EST, a maximum likelihood estimate is computed for .

C=value-list | EST

specifies the shape parameter c for probability plots requested with the WEIBULL and WEIBULL2 options. Enclose this option in parentheses after the WEIBULL or WEIBULL2 option. C= is a required Weibull-option in the WEIBULL option; in this situation, it accepts a list of values, or if you specify C=EST, a maximum likelihood estimate is computed for c. You can optionally specify C=value or C=EST as a Weibull2-option with the WEIBULL2 option to request a distribution reference line; in this situation, you must also specify Weibull2-option SIGMA=value or SIGMA=EST.

† CGRID=color

specifies the color for grid lines when a grid displays on the plot. This option also produces a grid.

EXPONENTIAL<(exponential-options)> EXP<(exponential-options)>

creates an exponential probability plot. To assess the point pattern, add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the THETA= and SIGMA= exponential-options. Alternatively, you can add a line corresponding to estimated values of the threshold parameter and the scale parameter with the exponential-options THETA=EST and SIGMA=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the exponential distribution with parameters and is a good fit. You can specify the SCALE= exponential-option as an alias for the SIGMA= exponential-option and the THRESHOLD= exponential-option as an alias for the THETA= exponential-option.

GAMMA(ALPHA=value | EST <gamma-options>)

creates a gamma probability plot for each value of the shape parameter given by the mandatory ALPHA= gamma-option. If you specify ALPHA=EST, the procedure creates a plot based on a maximum likelihood estimate for . To obtain a graphical estimate of , specify a list of values for the ALPHA= gamma-option and select the value that most nearly linearizes the point pattern. To assess the point pattern, add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the THETA= and SIGMA= gamma-options. Alternatively, you can add a line corresponding to estimated values of the threshold parameter and the scale parameter with the gamma-options THETA=EST and SIGMA=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the gamma distribution with parameters , , and is a good fit. You can specify the SCALE= gamma-option as an alias for the SIGMA= gamma-option and the THRESHOLD= gamma-option as an alias for the THETA= gamma-option.

GRID

displays a grid. Grid lines are reference lines that are perpendicular to the percentile axis at major tick marks.

GUMBEL<(Gumbel-options)>

creates a Gumbel probability plot. To assess the point pattern, add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the MU= and SIGMA= Gumbel-options. Alternatively, you can add a line corresponding to estimated values of the location parameter and the scale parameter with the Gumbel-options MU=EST and SIGMA=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the exponential distribution with parameters and is a good fit.

† LGRID=linetype

specifies the line type for the grid requested by the GRID= option. By default, LGRID=1, which produces a solid line.

LOGNORMAL(SIGMA=value | EST <lognormal-options>) LNORM(SIGMA=value | EST <lognormal-options>)

creates a lognormal probability plot for each value of the shape parameter given by the mandatory SIGMA= lognormal-option. If you specify SIGMA=EST, the procedure creates a plot based on a maximum likelihood estimate for . To obtain a graphical estimate of , specify a list of values for the SIGMA= lognormal-option and select the value that most nearly linearizes the point pattern. To assess the point pattern, add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the THETA= and ZETA= lognormal-options. Alternatively, you can add a line corresponding to estimated values of the threshold parameter and the scale parameter with the lognormal-options THETA=EST and ZETA=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the lognormal distribution with parameters , , and is a good fit. You can specify the THRESHOLD= lognormal-option as an alias for the THETA= lognormal-option and the SCALE= lognormal-option as an alias for the ZETA= lognormal-option. See Example 4.26.

MU=value | EST

specifies the mean for a probability plot requested with the GUMBEL and NORMAL options. Enclose MU= in parentheses after the distribution keyword. You can specify MU=EST to request a distribution reference line with equal to the sample mean with the normal distribution. If you specify MU=EST for the Gumbel distribution, the procedure computes a maximum likelihood estimate.

NADJ=value

specifies the adjustment value added to the sample size in the calculation of theoretical percentiles. By default, NADJ=. Refer to Chambers et al. (1983).

NOLINELEGEND NOLEGEND

suppresses the legend for the optional distribution reference line. The NOLINELEGEND option applies only to ODS Graphics output.

NORMAL<(normal-options)>

creates a normal probability plot. This is the default if you omit a distribution option. To assess the point pattern, you can add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the MU= and SIGMA= normal-options. Alternatively, you can add a line corresponding to estimated values of and with the normal-options MU=EST and SIGMA=EST; the estimates of the mean and the standard deviation are the sample mean and sample standard deviation. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the normal distribution with parameters and is a good fit.

PARETO(ALPHA=value | EST <Pareto-options>)

creates a generalized Pareto probability plot for each value of the shape parameter given by the mandatory ALPHA= Pareto-option. If you specify ALPHA=EST, the procedure creates a plot based on a maximum likelihood estimate for . To obtain a graphical estimate of , specify a list of values for the ALPHA= Pareto-option and select the value that most nearly linearizes the point pattern. To assess the point pattern, add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the THETA= and SIGMA= Pareto-options. Alternatively, you can add a line corresponding to estimated values of the threshold parameter and the scale parameter with the Pareto-options THETA=EST and SIGMA=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the generalized Pareto distribution with parameters , , and is a good fit.

† PCTLMINOR

requests minor tick marks for the percentile axis. The HMINOR option overrides the minor tick marks requested by the PCTLMINOR option.

PCTLORDER=values

specifies the tick marks that are labeled on the theoretical percentile axis. Because the values are percentiles, the labels must be between 0 and 100, exclusive. The values must be listed in increasing order and must cover the plotted percentile range. Otherwise, the default values of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95, and 99 are used.

POWER(ALPHA=value | EST <power-options>)

creates a power function probability plot for each value of the shape parameter given by the mandatory ALPHA= power-option. If you specify ALPHA=EST, the procedure creates a plot based on a maximum likelihood estimate for . To obtain a graphical estimate of , specify a list of values for the ALPHA= power-option and select the value that most nearly linearizes the point pattern. To assess the point pattern, add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the THETA= and SIGMA= power-options. Alternatively, you can add a line corresponding to estimated values of the threshold parameter and the scale parameter with the power-options THETA=EST and SIGMA=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the power function distribution with parameters , , and is a good fit.

RANKADJ=value

specifies the adjustment value added to the ranks in the calculation of theoretical percentiles. By default, RANKADJ=, as recommended by Blom (1958). Refer to Chambers et al. (1983) for additional information.

RAYLEIGH<(Rayleigh-options)>

creates an Rayleigh probability plot. To assess the point pattern, add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the THETA= and SIGMA= Rayleigh-options. Alternatively, you can add a line corresponding to estimated values of the threshold parameter and the scale parameter with the Rayleigh-options THETA=EST and SIGMA=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the exponential distribution with parameters and is a good fit.

ROTATE

switches the horizontal and vertical axes so that the theoretical percentiles are plotted vertically while the data are plotted horizontally. Regardless of whether the plot has been rotated, horizontal axis options (such as HAXIS=) still refer to the horizontal axis, and vertical axis options (such as VAXIS=) still refer to the vertical axis. All other options that depend on axis placement adjust to the rotated axes.

SIGMA=value-list | EST

specifies the parameter , where . Alternatively, you can specify SIGMA=EST to request a maximum likelihood estimate for . The interpretation and use of the SIGMA= option depend on the distribution option with which it is used. See Table 4.21 for a summary of how to use the SIGMA= option. You must enclose this option in parentheses after the distribution option.

Table 4.21: Uses of the SIGMA= Option

Distribution Option	Use of the SIGMA= Option
BETA EXPONENTIAL GAMMA PARETO POWER RAYLEIGH WEIBULL	THETA= and SIGMA= request a distribution reference line corresponding to and .
GUMBEL	MU= and SIGMA= request a distribution reference line corresponding to and .
LOGNORMAL	SIGMA= requests n probability plots with shape parameters . The SIGMA= option must be specified.
NORMAL	MU= and SIGMA= request a distribution reference line corresponding to and . SIGMA=EST requests a line with equal to the sample standard deviation.
WEIBULL2	SIGMA= and C= request a distribution reference line corresponding to and .

SLOPE=value | EST

specifies the slope for a distribution reference line requested with the LOGNORMAL and WEIBULL2 options. Enclose the SLOPE= option in parentheses after the distribution option. When you use the SLOPE= lognormal-option with the LOGNORMAL option, you must also specify a threshold parameter value with the THETA= lognormal-option to request the line. The SLOPE= lognormal-option is an alternative to the ZETA= lognormal-option for specifying , because the slope is equal to .

When you use the SLOPE= Weibull2-option with the WEIBULL2 option, you must also specify a scale parameter value with the SIGMA= Weibull2-option to request the line. The SLOPE= Weibull2-option is an alternative to the C= Weibull2-option for specifying , because the slope is equal to .

For example, the first and second PROBPLOT statements produce the same probability plots and the third and fourth PROBPLOT statements produce the same probability plots:

proc univariate data=Measures;
   probplot Width / lognormal(sigma=2 theta=0 zeta=0);
   probplot Width / lognormal(sigma=2 theta=0 slope=1);
   probplot Width / weibull2(sigma=2 theta=0 c=.25);
   probplot Width / weibull2(sigma=2 theta=0 slope=4);
run;

SQUARE

displays the probability plot in a square frame. By default, the plot is in a rectangular frame.

THETA=value | EST THRESHOLD=value | EST

specifies the lower threshold parameter for plots requested with the BETA, EXPONENTIAL, GAMMA, PARETO, POWER, RAYLEIGH, LOGNORMAL, WEIBULL, and WEIBULL2 options. Enclose the THETA= option in parentheses after a distribution option. When used with the WEIBULL2 option, the THETA= option specifies the known lower threshold , for which the default is 0. When used with the other distribution options, the THETA= option specifies for a distribution reference line; alternatively in this situation, you can specify THETA=EST to request a maximum likelihood estimate for . To request the line, you must also specify a scale parameter.

WEIBULL(C=value | EST <Weibull-options>) WEIB(C=value | EST <Weibull-options>)

creates a three-parameter Weibull probability plot for each value of the required shape parameter c specified by the mandatory C= Weibull-option. To create a plot that is based on a maximum likelihood estimate for c, specify C=EST. To obtain a graphical estimate of c, specify a list of values in the C= Weibull-option and select the value that most nearly linearizes the point pattern. To assess the point pattern, add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the THETA= and SIGMA= Weibull-options. Alternatively, you can add a line corresponding to estimated values of and with the Weibull-options THETA=EST and SIGMA=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the Weibull distribution with parameters c, , and is a good fit. You can specify the SCALE= Weibull-option as an alias for the SIGMA= Weibull-option and the THRESHOLD= Weibull-option as an alias for the THETA= Weibull-option.

WEIBULL2<(Weibull2-options)> W2<(Weibull2-options)>

creates a two-parameter Weibull probability plot. You should use the WEIBULL2 option when your data have a known lower threshold , which is 0 by default. To specify the threshold value , use the THETA= Weibull2-option. By default, THETA=0. An advantage of the two-parameter Weibull plot over the three-parameter Weibull plot is that the parameters c and can be estimated from the slope and intercept of the point pattern. A disadvantage is that the two-parameter Weibull distribution applies only in situations where the threshold parameter is known. To obtain a graphical estimate of , specify a list of values for the THETA= Weibull2-option and select the value that most nearly linearizes the point pattern. To assess the point pattern, add a diagonal distribution reference line corresponding to and with the SIGMA= and C= Weibull2-options. Alternatively, you can add a distribution reference line corresponding to estimated values of and with the Weibull2-options SIGMA=EST and C=EST. Agreement between the reference line and the point pattern indicates that the Weibull distribution with parameters , , and is a good fit. You can specify the SCALE= Weibull2-option as an alias for the SIGMA= Weibull2-option and the SHAPE= Weibull2-option as an alias for the C= Weibull2-option.

† WGRID=n

specifies the line thickness for the grid when producing traditional graphics. The option does not apply to ODS Graphics output.

ZETA=value | EST

specifies a value for the scale parameter for the lognormal probability plots requested with the LOGNORMAL option. Enclose the ZETA= lognormal-option in parentheses after the LOGNORMAL option. To request a distribution reference line with intercept and slope , specify the THETA= and ZETA=.