The FREQ Procedure

Agresti, A. (1992), “A Survey of Exact Inference for Contingency Tables,” Statistical Science, 7, 131–177.

Agresti, A. (2002), Categorical Data Analysis, 2nd Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Agresti, A. (2007), An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis, 2nd Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Agresti, A. and Caffo, B. (2000), “Simple and Effective Confidence Intervals for Proportions and Differences of Proportions Result from Adding Two Successes and Two Failures,” American Statistician, 54, 280–288.

Agresti, A. and Coull, B. A. (1998), “Approximate Is Better Than 'Exact' for Interval Estimation of Binomial Proportions,” American Statistician, 52, 119–126.

Agresti, A., Mehta, C. R., and Patel, N. R. (1990), “Exact Inference for Contingency Tables with Ordered Categories,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 85, 453–458.

Agresti, A. and Min, Y. (2001), “On Small-Sample Confidence Intervals for Parameters in Discrete Distributions,” Biometrics, 57, 963–971.

Agresti, A., Wackerly, D., and Boyett, J. M. (1979), “Exact Conditional Tests for Cross-Classifications: Approximation of Attained Significance Levels,” Psychometrika, 44, 75–83.

Bangdiwala, S. I. (1988), The Agreement Chart, Technical report, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Biostatistics.

Bangdiwala, S. I. and Bryan, H. E. (1987), “Using SAS Software Graphical Procedures for the Observer Agreement Chart,” in Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual SAS Users Group International Conference, 1083–1088, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Bangdiwala, S. I., Haedo, A. S., Natal, M. L., and Villaveces, A. (2008), “The Agreement Chart as an Alternative to the Receiver-Operating Characteristic Curve for Diagnostic Tests,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61, 866–874.

Barker, L., Rolka, H., Rolka, D., and Brown, C. (2001), “Equivalence Testing for Binomial Random Variables: Which Test to Use?” American Statistician, 55, 279–287.

Barnard, G. A. (1945), “A New Test for Tables,” Nature, 156, 177.

Barnard, G. A. (1947), “Significance Tests for Tables,” Biometrika, 34, 123–138.

Barnard, G. A. (1949), “Statistical Inference,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 11, 115–139.

Berger, J. O. (1985), Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis, 2nd Edition, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Birch, M. W. (1965), “The Detection of Partial Association, Part 2: The General Case,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 27, 111–124.

Bishop, Y. M. M., Fienberg, S. E., and Holland, P. W. (1975), Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Bowker, A. H. (1948), “Bowker’s Test for Symmetry,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 43, 572–574.

Breslow, N. E. (1996), “Statistics in Epidemiology: The Case-Control Study,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, 14–26.

Breslow, N. E. and Day, N. E. (1980), The Analysis of Case-Control Studies, Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, IARC Scientific Publications, vol. 1, no. 32, Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.

Breslow, N. E. and Day, N. E. (1987), The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies, Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, IARC Scientific Publications, vol. 2, no. 82, Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.

Bross, I. D. J. (1958), “How to Use Ridit Analysis,” Biometrics, 14, 18–38.

Brown, L. D., Cai, T. T., and DasGupta, A. (2001), “Interval Estimation for a Binomial Proportion,” Statistical Science, 16, 101–133.

Brown, M. B. and Benedetti, J. K. (1977), “Sampling Behavior of Tests for Correlation in Two-Way Contingency Tables,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 72, 309–315.

Chan, I. S. F. (1998), “Exact Tests of Equivalence and Efficacy with a Non-zero Lower Bound for Comparative Studies,” Statistics in Medicine, 17, 1403–1413.

Chan, I. S. F. (2003), “Proving Non-inferiority or Equivalence of Two Treatments with Dichotomous Endpoints Using Exact Methods,” Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 12, 37–58.

Chan, I. S. F. and Zhang, Z. (1999), “Test-Based Exact Confidence Intervals for the Difference of Two Binomial Proportions,” Biometrics, 55, 1202–1209.

Chow, S.-C., Shao, J., and Wang, H. (2003), Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Cicchetti, D. V. and Allison, T. (1971), “A New Procedure for Assessing Reliability of Scoring EEG Sleep Recordings,” American Journal of EEG Technology, 11, 101–109.

Clopper, C. J. and Pearson, E. S. (1934), “The Use of Confidence or Fiducial Limits Illustrated in the Case of the Binomial,” Biometrika, 26, 404–413.

Cochran, W. G. (1950), “The Comparison of Percentages in Matched Samples,” Biometrika, 37, 256–266.

Cochran, W. G. (1954), “Some Methods for Strengthening the Common Tests,” Biometrics, 10, 417–451.

Cohen, J. (1960), “A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales,” Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46.

Collett, D. (1991), Modelling Binary Data, London: Chapman & Hall.

Dann, R. S. and Koch, G. G. (2005), “Review and Evaluation of Methods for Computing Confidence Intervals for the Ratio of Two Proportions and Considerations for Non-inferiority Clinical Trials,” Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 15, 85–107.

Dmitrienko, A., Molenberghs, G., Chuang-Stein, C., and Offen, W. (2005), Analysis of Clinical Trials Using SAS: A Practical Guide, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Drasgow, F. (1986), “Polychoric and Polyserial Correlations,” in S. Kotz, N. L. Johnson, and C. B. Read, eds., Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, volume 7, 68–74, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Dunnett, C. W. and Gent, M. (1977), “Significance Testing to Establish Equivalence between Treatments, with Special Reference to Data in the Form of Tables,” Biometrics, 33, 593–602.

Farrington, C. P. and Manning, G. (1990), “Test Statistics and Sample Size Formulae for Comparative Binomial Trials with Null Hypothesis of Non-zero Risk Difference or Non-unity Relative Risk,” Statistics in Medicine, 9, 1447–1454.

Fienberg, S. E. (1980), The Analysis of Cross-Classified Categorical Data, 2nd Edition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Fleiss, J. L. and Cohen, J. (1973), “The Equivalence of Weighted Kappa and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient as Measures of Reliability,” Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33, 613–619.

Fleiss, J. L., Cohen, J., and Everitt, B. S. (1969), “Large-Sample Standard Errors of Kappa and Weighted Kappa,” Psychological Bulletin, 72, 323–327.

Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., and Paik, M. C. (2003), Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 3rd Edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Freeman, G. H. and Halton, J. H. (1951), “Note on an Exact Treatment of Contingency, Goodness of Fit, and Other Problems of Significance,” Biometrika, 38, 141–149.

Friendly, M. (2000), Visualizing Categorical Data, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Gail, M. H. and Mantel, N. (1977), “Counting the Number of Contingency Tables with Fixed Margins,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 72, 859–862.

Gail, M. H. and Simon, R. (1985), “Tests for Qualitative Interactions between Treatment Effects and Patient Subsets,” Biometrics, 41, 361–372.

Gart, J. J. (1971), “The Comparison of Proportions: A Review of Significance Tests, Confidence Intervals, and Adjustments for Stratification,” Review of the International Statistical Institute, 39, 148–169.

Gart, J. J. and Nam, J. (1988), “Approximate Interval Estimation of the Ratio of Binomial Parameters: A Review and Corrections for Skewness,” Biometrics, 44, 323–338.

Goodman, L. A. and Kruskal, W. H. (1979), Measures of Association for Cross Classification, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Greenland, S. and Robins, J. M. (1985), “Estimation of a Common Effect Parameter from Sparse Follow-Up Data,” Biometrics, 41, 55–68.

Haldane, J. B. S. (1955), “The Estimation and Significance of the Logarithm of a Ratio of Frequencies,” Annals of Human Genetics, 20, 309–314.

Hauck, W. W. and Anderson, S. (1986), “A Comparison of Large-Sample Confidence Interval Methods for the Difference of Two Binomial Probabilities,” American Statistician, 40, 318–322.

Hirji, K. F. (2006), Exact Analysis of Discrete Data, Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.

Hirji, K. F., Vollset, S. E., Reis, I. M., and Afifi, A. A. (1996), “Exact Tests for Interaction in Several Tables,” Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5, 209–224.

Hollander, M. and Wolfe, D. A. (1999), Nonparametric Statistical Methods, 2nd Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Jones, M. P., O’Gorman, T. W., Lemka, J. H., and Woolson, R. F. (1989), “A Monte Carlo Investigation of Homogeneity Tests of the Odds Ratio under Various Sample Size Configurations,” Biometrics, 45, 171–181.

Kendall, M. G. (1955), Rank Correlation Methods, 2nd Edition, London: Charles Griffin.

Kendall, M. G. and Stuart, A. (1979), The Advanced Theory of Statistics, volume 2, New York: Macmillan.

Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., and Morgenstern, H. (1982), Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods, Research Methods Series, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Landis, J. R., Heyman, E. R., and Koch, G. G. (1978), “Average Partial Association in Three-Way Contingency Tables: A Review and Discussion of Alternative Tests,” International Statistical Review, 46, 237–254.

Leemis, L. M. and Trivedi, K. S. (1996), “A Comparison of Approximate Interval Estimators for the Bernoulli Parameter,” American Statistician, 50, 63–68.

Lehmann, E. L. and D’Abrera, H. J. M. (2006), Nonparametrics: Statistical Methods Based on Ranks, New York: Springer Science & Business Media.

Liebetrau, A. M. (1983), Measures of Association, volume 32 of Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Mack, G. A. and Skillings, J. H. (1980), “A Friedman-Type Rank Test for Main Effects in a Two-Factor ANOVA,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75, 947–951.

Mantel, N. (1963), “Chi-Square Tests with One Degree of Freedom: Extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, 690–700.

Mantel, N. and Fleiss, J. L. (1980), “Minimum Expected Cell Size Requirements for the Mantel-Haenszel One-Degree-of-Freedom Chi-Square Test and a Related Rapid Procedure,” American Journal of Epidemiology, 112, 129–134.

Mantel, N. and Haenszel, W. (1959), “Statistical Aspects of Analysis of Data from Retrospective Studies of Disease,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22, 719–748.

Margolin, B. H. (1988), “Test for Trend in Proportions,” in S. Kotz, N. L. Johnson, and C. B. Read, eds., Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, volume 9, 334–336, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

McNemar, Q. (1947), “Note on the Sampling Error of the Difference between Correlated Proportions or Percentages,” Psychometrika, 12, 153–157.

Mee, R. W. (1984), “Confidence Bounds for the Difference between Two Probabilities,” Biometrics, 40, 1175–1176.

Mehta, C. R. and Patel, N. R. (1983), “A Network Algorithm for Performing Fisher’s Exact Test in Contingency Tables,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 78, 427–434.

Mehta, C. R., Patel, N. R., and Gray, R. J. (1985), “Computing an Exact Confidence Interval for the Common Odds Ratio in Several Contingency Tables,” Journal of American Statistical Association, 80, 969–973.

Mehta, C. R., Patel, N. R., and Senchaudhuri, P. (1991), “Exact Stratified Linear Rank Tests for Binary Data,” in E. M. Keramidas, ed., Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium on the Interface, 200–207, Fairfax Station, VA: Interface Foundation.

Mehta, C. R., Patel, N. R., and Tsiatis, A. A. (1984), “Exact Significance Testing to Establish Treatment Equivalence with Ordered Categorical Data,” Biometrics, 40, 819–825.

Mehta, C. R. and Senchaudhuri, P. (2003), “Conditional versus Unconditional Exact Tests for Comparing Two Binomials,” .

Miettinen, O. S. and Nurminen, M. M. (1985), “Comparative Analysis of Two Rates,” Statistics in Medicine, 4, 213–226.

Newcombe, R. G. (1998a), “Interval Estimation for the Difference between Independent Proportions: Comparison of Eleven Methods,” Statistics in Medicine, 17, 873–890.

Newcombe, R. G. (1998b), “Two-Sided Confidence Intervals for the Single Proportion: Comparison of Seven Methods,” Statistics in Medicine, 17, 857–872.

Newcombe, R. G. and Nurminen, M. M. (2011), “In Defence of Score Intervals for Proportions and Their Differences,” Communications in Statistics—Theory and Methods, 40, 1271–1282.

Olsson, U. (1979), “Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Polychoric Correlation Coefficient,” Psychometrika, 12, 443–460.

Pirie, W. (1983), “Jonckheere Tests for Ordered Alternatives,” in S. Kotz, N. L. Johnson, and C. B. Read, eds., Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, volume 4, 315–318, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Radlow, R. and Alf, E. F. (1975), “An Alternate Multinomial Assessment of the Accuracy of the Chi-Square Test of Goodness of Fit,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70, 811–813.

Robins, J. M., Breslow, N., and Greenland, S. (1986), “Estimators of the Mantel-Haenszel Variance Consistent in Both Sparse Data and Large-Strata Limiting Models,” Biometrics, 42, 311–323.

Santner, T. J., Pradhan, V., Senchaudhuri, P., Mehta, C. R., and Tamhane, A. (2007), “Small-Sample Comparisons of Confidence Intervals for the Difference of Two Independent Binomial Proportions,” Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 51, 5791–5799.

Santner, T. J. and Snell, M. K. (1980), “Small-Sample Confidence Intervals for and in Contingency Tables,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75, 386–394.

Schuirmann, D. J. (1987), “A Comparison of the Two One-Sided Tests Procedure and the Power Approach for Assessing the Equivalence of Average Bioavailability,” Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 15, 657–680.

Schuirmann, D. J. (1999), “Confidence Interval Methods for Bioequivalence Testing with Binomial Endpoints,” in Proceedings of the Biopharmaceutical Section, 227–232, Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.

Silvapulle, M. J. (2001), “Tests against Qualitative Interaction: Exact Critical Values and Robust Tests,” Biometrics, 57, 1157–1165.

Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. (1989), Statistical Methods, 8th Edition, Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Somers, R. H. (1962), “A New Asymmetric Measure of Association for Ordinal Variables,” American Sociological Review, 27, 799–811.

Stokes, M. E., Davis, C. S., and Koch, G. G. (2012), Categorical Data Analysis Using SAS, 3rd Edition, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Suissa, S. and Shuster, J. J. (1985), “Exact Unconditional Sample Sizes for the Binomial Trial,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 148, 317–327.

Tarone, R. E. (1985), “On Heterogeneity Tests Based on Efficient Scores,” Biometrika, 72, 1, 91–95.

Theil, H. (1972), Statistical Decomposition Analysis, Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Thomas, D. G. (1971), “Algorithm AS-36: Exact Confidence Limits for the Odds Ratio in a Table,” Applied Statistics, 20, 105–110.

Valz, P. D. and Thompson, M. E. (1994), “Exact Inference for Kendall’s S and Spearman’s with Extensions to Fisher’s Exact Test in Contingency Tables,” Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 3, 459–472.

van Elteren, P. H. (1960), “On the Combination of Independent Two-Sample Tests of Wilcoxon,” Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, 37, 351–361.

Vollset, S. E., Hirji, K. F., and Elashoff, R. M. (1991), “Fast Computation of Exact Confidence Limits for the Common Odds Ratio in a Series of Tables,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 86, 404–409.

Wilson, E. B. (1927), “Probable Inference, the Law of Succession, and Statistical Inference,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 22, 209–212.

Woolf, B. (1955), “On Estimating the Relationship between Blood Group and Disease,” Annals of Human Genetics, 19, 251–253.

Zelen, M. (1971), “The Analysis of Several Contingency Tables,” Biometrika, 58, 129–137.