# The VARIOGRAM Procedure

#### Interpretation

For Moran’s I coefficient, indicates positive autocorrelation. Positive autocorrelation suggests that neighboring values and tend to have similar feature values and , respectively. When , this is a sign of negative autocorrelation, or dissimilar values at neighboring locations. A measure of strength of the autocorrelation is the size of the absolute difference .

Geary’s c coefficient interpretation is analogous to that of Moran’s I. The only difference is that indicates negative autocorrelation and dissimilarity, whereas signifies positive autocorrelation and similarity of values.

The VARIOGRAM procedure uses the mathematical definitions in the preceding section to provide the observed and expected values, and the standard deviation of the autocorrelation coefficients in the autocorrelation statistics table. The Z scores for each type of statistics are computed as

for Moran’s I coefficient, and

for Geary’s c coefficient. PROC VARIOGRAM also reports the two-sided p-value for each coefficient under the null hypothesis that the sample values are not autocorrelated. Smaller p-values correspond to stronger autocorrelation for both the I and c statistics. However, the p-value does not tell you whether the autocorrelation is positive or negative. Based on the preceding remarks, you have positive autocorrelation when or , and you have negative autocorrelation when or .