In the supply and demand model, P is an endogenous variable, and consequently the OLS estimates are biased. The following example estimates this model using two-stage least squares.

   proc syslin data=in 2sls;
      endogenous  p;
      instruments y u s;
      demand: model q = p y s;
      supply: model q = p u;
   run;

The 2SLS option in the PROC SYSLIN statement specifies the two-stage least squares method. The ENDOGENOUS statement specifies that P is an endogenous regressor for which first-stage predicted values are substituted. You need to declare an endogenous variable in the ENDOGENOUS statement only if it is used as a regressor; thus although Q is endogenous in this model, it is not necessary to list it in the ENDOGENOUS statement.

Usually, all predetermined variables that appear in the system are used as instruments. The INSTRUMENTS statement specifies that the exogenous variables Y, U, and S are used as instruments for the first-stage regression to predict P.

The 2SLS results are shown in Figure 26.3 and Figure 26.4. The first-stage regressions are not shown. To see the first-stage regression results, use the FIRST option in the PROC SYSLIN statement.