The STDRATE Procedure

Example 95.2 Computing Mantel-Haenszel Risk Estimation

This example uses Mantel-Haenszel method to estimate the effect of household smoking on respiratory symptoms of school children, after adjusting for the effects of the student’s grade and household pets.

Suppose that the School data set contains the stratum-specific numbers of cases of respiratory symptoms in a given school year for a school district. Variables Pet and Grade are the grouping variables that form the strata in the standardization, and the variable Smoking identifies students who have smokers in their households. The variables Case and Student indicate the number of cases with respiratory symptoms and the total number of students, respectively.

data School;
   input Smoking $ Pet $ Grade $ Case Student;
   datalines;
Yes   Yes   K-1   109    807
Yes   Yes   2-3   106    791
Yes   Yes   4-5   112    868
Yes   No    K-1   168   1329
Yes   No    2-3   162   1337
Yes   No    4-5   183   1594
No    Yes   K-1   284   2403
No    Yes   2-3   266   2237
No    Yes   4-5   273   2279
No    No    K-1   414   3398
No    No    2-3   372   3251
No    No    4-5   382   3270
;

The following statements invoke the STDRATE procedure and compute the Mantel-Haenszel rate difference statistic between students with household smokers and students without household smokers:

ods graphics on;
proc stdrate data=School
             method=mh
             stat=risk
             effect=diff
             plots=all
             ;
   population group=Smoking event=Case total=Student;
   strata Pet Grade / order=data stats(cl=none) effect;
run;
ods graphics off;

The ORDER=DATA option in the STRATA statement sorts the strata by the order of appearance in the input data set.

The "Standardization Information" table in Output 95.2.1 displays the standardization information.

Output 95.2.1: Standardization Information

The STDRATE Procedure

Standardization Information
Data Set WORK.SCHOOL
Group Variable Smoking
Method Mantel-Haenszel
Statistic Risk
Number of Strata 6



The STATS option in the STRATA statement requests that the STDRATE procedure display a "Mantel-Haenszel Standardized Strata Statistics" table for study populations, as shown in Output 95.2.2. The table displays the strata information and the expected number of events in each stratum. The Expected Events column shows the expected number of events when the Mantel-Haenszel weights are applied to the corresponding stratum-specific risks in the study populations. The CL=NONE suboption requests that confidence limits for strata risks not be displayed.

Output 95.2.2: Mantel-Haenszel Standardized Strata Statistics

The STDRATE Procedure

Mantel-Haenszel Standardized Strata Statistics
Smoking Stratum
Index
Pet Grade Study Population  
Observed
Events
Number of Observations Crude Risk Mantel-Haenszel
Value Proportion Weight Expected
Events
No 1 Yes K-1 284 2403 0.1427 0.118186 604.12 71.398
No 2 Yes 2-3 266 2237 0.1329 0.118909 584.37 69.487
No 3 Yes 4-5 273 2279 0.1353 0.119789 628.59 75.298
No 4 No K-1 414 3398 0.2018 0.121836 955.35 116.396
No 5 No 2-3 372 3251 0.1931 0.114426 947.38 108.405
No 6 No 4-5 382 3270 0.1942 0.116820 1071.62 125.187
Yes 1 Yes K-1 109 807 0.1200 0.135068 604.12 81.597
Yes 2 Yes 2-3 106 791 0.1176 0.134008 584.37 78.310
Yes 3 Yes 4-5 112 868 0.1291 0.129032 628.59 81.108
Yes 4 No K-1 168 1329 0.1976 0.126411 955.35 120.767
Yes 5 No 2-3 162 1337 0.1988 0.121167 947.38 114.791
Yes 6 No 4-5 183 1594 0.2370 0.114806 1071.62 123.028



With ODS Graphics enabled, the PLOTS=ALL option displays all appropriate plots. With the METHOD=MH and STAT=RISK options, these plots include the strata distribution plot, strata risk plot, and strata effect plot.

The strata distribution plot displays proportions for stratum-specific numbers of students in the study populations, as shown in Output 95.2.3.

Output 95.2.3: Strata Distribution Plot

Strata Distribution Plot


The strata risk plot displays stratum-specific risk estimates with confidence limits in the study populations, as shown in Output 95.2.4. This plot displays stratum-specific risk estimates in the "Mantel-Haenszel Standardized Strata Statistics" table in Output 95.2.2. In addition, the overall crude risks for the two study populations are also displayed. By default, strata levels are displayed on the vertical axis.

Output 95.2.4: Strata Risk Plot

Strata Risk Plot


The EFFECT option in the STRATA statement requests that the "Strata Risk Effect Estimates" table be displayed, as shown in Output 95.2.5. The EFFECT=DIFF option in the PROC STDRATE statement requests that strata risk differences be displayed.

Output 95.2.5: Strata Effect Estimates

Strata Risk Effect Estimates
Stratum
Index
Pet Grade Smoking Risk
Difference
Standard
Error
 
No Yes 95% Normal Confidence
Limits
1 Yes K-1 0.11819 0.13507 -.016883 0.013716 -.043766 0.010001
2 Yes 2-3 0.11891 0.13401 -.015098 0.013912 -.042366 0.012169
3 Yes 4-5 0.11979 0.12903 -.009243 0.013257 -.035225 0.016740
4 No K-1 0.12184 0.12641 -.004574 0.010704 -.025554 0.016405
5 No 2-3 0.11443 0.12117 -.006740 0.010527 -.027373 0.013892
6 No 4-5 0.11682 0.11481 0.002014 0.009762 -.017120 0.021148



The "Strata Risk Effect Estimates" table shows that for the stratum of students without household pets in Grade 4–5, the risk is higher for students without household smokers than for students with household smokers. For all other strata, the risk is lower for students without household smokers than for students with household smokers. The difference is not significant in each stratum because the null value 0 is between the lower and upper confidence limits.

With ODS Graphics enabled, the PLOTS=EFFECT option displays the plot with the stratum-specific risk effect measures and their associated confidence limits, as shown in Output 95.2.6. The EFFECT=DIFF option requests that the risk difference be displayed. By default, confidence limits are generated with $95\% $ confidence level. This plot displays the stratum-specific risk differences in the "Strata Risk Effect Estimates" table in Output 95.2.5.

Output 95.2.6: Strata Risk Plot

Strata Risk Plot


The "Mantel-Haenszel Standardized Risk Estimates" table in Output 95.2.7 displays the Mantel-Haenszel standardized risks and related statistics.

Output 95.2.7: Standardized Risk Estimates (Mantel-Haenszel Estimation)

Mantel-Haenszel Standardized Risk Estimates
Smoking Study Population Mantel-Haenszel Standardized Risk
Observed
Events
Number of
Observations
Crude
Risk
Expected
Events
Weight Estimate Standard
Error
95% Normal Confidence
Limits
No 1991 16838 0.1182 566.172 4791.43 0.1182 0.00250 0.1133 0.1231
Yes 840 6726 0.1249 599.602 4791.43 0.1251 0.00404 0.1172 0.1331



The EFFECT=DIFF option requests that the "Risk Effect Estimates" table display the risk difference statistic for the two directly standardized risks, as shown in Output 95.2.8.

Output 95.2.8: Mantel-Haenszel Effect Estimates

Risk Effect Estimates
Smoking Risk
Difference
  Standard
Error
Z Pr > |Z|
No Yes 95% Normal Confidence
Limits
0.1182 0.1251 -0.00698 -.016284 0.002330 0.00475 -1.47 0.1418



The table shows that although the standardized risk for students without household smokes is lower than the standardized risk for students with household smokes, the difference (–0.00698) is not significant at the $5\% $ significance level, (p-value 0.1418).