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The POWER Procedure

Common Notation

Table 68.29 displays notation for some of the more common parameters across analyses. The Associated Syntax column shows examples of relevant analysis statement options, where applicable.

Table 68.29 Common Notation

Symbol

Description

Associated Syntax

Significance level

ALPHA=

Total sample size

NTOTAL=, NPAIRS=

Sample size in th group

NPERGROUP=, GROUPNS=

Allocation weight for th group (standardized to sum to 1)

GROUPWEIGHTS=

(Arithmetic) mean

MEAN=

(Arithmetic) mean in th group

GROUPMEANS=, PAIREDMEANS=

(Arithmetic) mean difference, or

MEANDIFF=

Null mean or mean difference (arithmetic)

NULL=, NULLDIFF=

Geometric mean

MEAN=

Geometric mean in th group

GROUPMEANS=, PAIREDMEANS=

Null mean or mean ratio (geometric)

NULL=, NULLRATIO=

Standard deviation (or common standard deviation per group)

STDDEV=

Standard deviation in th group

GROUPSTDDEVS=, PAIREDSTDDEVS=

Standard deviation of differences

 

Coefficient of variation, defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the (arithmetic) mean

CV=, PAIREDCVS=

Correlation

CORR=

Treatment and reference (arithmetic) means for equivalence test

GROUPMEANS=, PAIREDMEANS=

Treatment and reference geometric means for equivalence test

GROUPMEANS=, PAIREDMEANS=

Lower equivalence bound

LOWER=

Upper equivalence bound

UPPER=

distribution with d.f. and noncentrality

 

distribution with numerator d.f. , denominator d.f. , and noncentrality

 

th percentile of distribution with d.f.

 

th percentile of distribution with numerator d.f. and denominator d.f.

 

Binomial distribution with sample size and proportion

 

A "lower one-sided" test is associated with SIDES=L (or SIDES=1 with the effect smaller than the null value), and an "upper one-sided" test is associated with SIDES=U (or SIDES=1 with the effect larger than the null value).

Owen (1965) defines a function, known as Owen’s , that is convenient for representing terms in power formulas for confidence intervals and equivalence tests:

     

where and are the density and cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution, respectively.

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