Byte Ordering for Integer Binary Data on Big Endian and Little Endian Platforms

Integer values for binary integer data are typically stored in one of three sizes: one-byte, two-byte, or four-byte. The ordering of the bytes for the integer varies depending on the platform (operating environment) on which the integers were produced.

The ordering of bytes differs between the “big endian” and “little endian” platforms. These colloquial terms are used to describe byte ordering for IBM mainframes (big endian) and for platforms that are based on Intel (little endian). In the SAS System, the following platforms are considered big endian: AIX, HP-UX, IBM mainframe, Macintosh, and Solaris on SPARC. The following platforms are considered little endian: Intel ABI, Linux, OpenVMS Alpha, OpenVMS Integrity, Solaris on x64, Tru64 UNIX, and Windows.

On big endian platforms, the value 1 is stored in binary and is represented here in hexadecimal notation. One byte is stored as 01, two bytes as 00 01, and four bytes as 00 00 00 01. On little endian platforms, the value 1 is stored in one byte as 01 (the same as big endian), in two bytes as 01 00, and in four bytes as 01 00 00 00.

If an integer is negative, the two's complement representation is used. The high-order bit of the most significant byte of the integer is set on. For example, –2 would be represented in one, two, and four bytes on big endian platforms as FE, FF FE, and FF FF FF FE, respectively. On little endian platforms, the representation would be FE, FE FF, and FE FF FF FF. These representations result from the output of the integer binary value –2 expressed in hexadecimal notation.

SAS can read signed and unsigned integers regardless of whether they were generated on a big endian or a little endian platform. Likewise, SAS can write signed and unsigned integers in both big endian and little endian format. The length of these integers can be up to eight bytes.

The following table shows which format to use for various combinations of platforms. In the Signed Integer column, “no” indicates that the number is unsigned and cannot be negative. “Yes” indicates that the number can be either negative or positive.

The following table compares integer binary notation according to programming language.