Example 75.4 Constructed Effects

The algorithms of PROC ROBUSTREG assume that a response variable is linearly dependent on the regressors. However, in practice, a response often depends on some factors in a nonlinear manner. This example demonstrates how a nonlinear response-factor relationship can be modeled by using constructed effects. (See the section EFFECT Statement of Chapter 19, Shared Concepts and Topics, for details.)

The following data set contains 526 female observations and 474 male observations sampled from 2003 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Each observation is composed of three values: bmi (body mass index), age, and gender, measured for subjects whose ages are between 20 and 60.

data one;   
input bmi age gender$ @@;
datalines;
46.16 30.33 F 20.67 31.83 F 30.98 51.33 F 30.71 31.42 F 
29.81 30.50 M 19.94 25.08 F 29.97 41.67 F 24.48 26.92 F 
34.34 51.25 F 20.24 53.67 F 27.72 60.25 F 32.85 41.67 M 
22.75 47.50 F 32.78 22.42 F 43.07 29.50 F 38.34 58.50 F 
40.03 39.92 F 21.78 56.42 M 28.77 39.83 F 28.77 28.75 F 

   ... more lines ...   

26.53 27.92 F 23.77 29.00 F 29.86 60.58 M 25.41 44.08 M 
26.53 24.83 M 33.33 42.08 F 30.52 32.50 F 31.89 38.17 F 
32.20 35.92 F 21.73 26.67 M 32.10 39.33 M 25.13 51.75 M 
;
run;

The goal of this analysis is to evaluate whether the bmi-age curves are different between women and men at a 5% significance level. In order to provide sufficient flexibility to model the effect of age on bmi, you can use regression splines that you define with an EFFECT statement. In this example, a regression spline of degree 2 with three knots is used for variable age. The knots are placed at the 25, 50, and 75 percentiles of age. This analysis assume that there is no interaction between gender and age, so that the bmi-age curves for women and men are the same up to a constant. The following statements produce the bmi-age scatter plot shown in Output 75.4.1:

proc sort data=one;
   by age;
run;

ods graphics on;
proc sgplot data=one;
   scatter x=age y=bmi/group=gender;
run;  

Output 75.4.1 Scatter Plot for BMI Data

The observations with large bmi values (for example, bmi>40) are outliers that can substantially influence an ordinary least square (OLS) analysis. Output 75.4.1 shows that the distributions of bmi conditional on age are skewed toward the side of large bmi, and there are more observations with large bmi values (outliers) in the female group. Hence you can expect a significant gender difference in the bmi-age OLS regression analysis. This expectation is confirmed by the OLS gender -value in Output 75.4.2, which is produced by the following statements:

proc glmselect data=one;
   class gender;
   effect age_sp=spl(age/degree=2 knotmethod=percentiles(3));
model bmi= gender age_sp /selection=none showpvalues;
output out=out_ols P=pred R=res;
run;

A robust regression method can reduce the outlier influence by automatically assigning smaller or even zero weights to outliers. For the bmi data, a robust regression method is likely to set less weight on observations with large bmi, so more female observations would receive smaller weights than male observations. The following statements invoke PROC ROBUSTREG with the bmi data set:

proc robustreg data=one method=s seed=100;
   class gender;
   effect age_sp=spl(age/degree=2 knotmethod=percentiles(3));
   model bmi = gender age_sp;
   output out=out_s P=pred R=res;
run;

Output 75.4.3 shows the parameter estimates and the diagnostics summary produced by PROC ROBUSTREG with the S method. In contrast to OLS, the robust -value of the gender coefficient indicates that the gender effect is not significant. The outlier diagnostics based on the S estimates find 19 outliers that are assigned lower weights by the S method than by the OLS method.

To further compare the OLS and S outputs, the following statements plot the bmi predictions in variable age for both methods in the same graph, which is shown in Output 75.4.4:

data out2_s;
   set out_s;
   if gender="F" then label="F_S  ";
   if gender="M" then label="M_S  ";
run; 

data out2_ols;
   merge one out_ols;
   if gender='F' then label='F_OLS';
   if gender='M' then label='M_OLS';
   keep pred bmi gender age label;
run;

data out2;
   set out2_ols out2_s;
run;

proc sgplot data=out2;
   series x=age y=pred/group=label;
run;  

Output 75.4.4 OLS and S Predictions

You can observe the following differences between the OLS and S predictions:

• The OLS prediction is larger

• The OLS curves have a local maximum near

Then, a question remains: is the significance of the gender effect for the OLS regression due solely to the outlying observations? To tentatively answer this question, the following statements drop the observations with the top 10% of bmi values from the original data set and reapply OLS and S methods on the reduced data set:

data three;
   set one;
   where bmi<38.315;
run;
 
proc robustreg data=three method=s seed=100;
   class gender;
   effect age_sp=spl(age/degree=2 knotmethod=percentiles(3));
   model bmi = gender age_sp;
   output out=out_s P=pred R=res;
run;

data out2_s;
   set out_s;
   if gender="F" then label="F_S  ";
   if gender="M" then label="M_S  ";
run;

proc glmselect data=three outdesign=four;
   class gender;
   effect age_sp=spl(age/degree=2 knotmethod=percentiles(3));
model bmi= gender age_sp /selection=none showpvalues;
output out=out_ols P=pred R=res;
run;

data out2_ols;
   merge three out_ols;
   if gender='F' then label='F_OLS';
   if gender='M' then label='M_OLS';
   keep pred bmi gender age label;
run;

data out2;
   set out2_ols out2_s;
run;

proc sgplot data=out2;
   series x=age y=pred/group=label;
run;  
ods graphics off; 

In the reduced data set, 71 female observations and 29 male observations are dropped. Output 75.4.5 and Output 75.4.6 respectively show the refitted S and OLS parameter estimates, and Output 75.4.7 displays the fitted curves on the reduced data set. You can see that gender is no longer significant for the OLS model, and the OLS turning pattern has also disappeared, but the new S curves do not change much from the previous ones. The OLS bmi-age curves in Output 75.4.7 are closer to the S curves than to the OLS curves in Output 75.4.4. This suggests that indeed the difference between the OLS and S estimate results are due solely to the influence of the outlying observations.

Output 75.4.7 OLS and S Predictions on the Reduced Data Set