Example 59.1 Variability of Calcium Concentration in Turnip Greens

In the following example from Snedecor and Cochran (1976), an experiment is conducted to study the variability of calcium concentration in turnip greens. Four plants are selected at random; then three leaves are randomly selected from each plant. Two 100-mg samples are taken from each leaf. The amount of calcium is determined by microchemical methods.

Because the data are read in sorted order, it is not necessary to use PROC SORT on the CLASS variables. Leaf is nested in Plant; Sample is nested in Leaf and is left for the residual term. All the effects are random effects. The following statements read the data and invoke PROC NESTED. These statements produce Output 59.1.1.

title 'Calcium Concentration in Turnip Leaves--Nested Random Model';
title2 'Snedecor and Cochran, ''Statistical Methods'', 1976, p. 286';
data Turnip;
   do Plant=1 to 4;
      do Leaf=1 to 3;
         do Sample=1 to 2;
            input Calcium @@;
            output;
         end;
      end;
   end;
   datalines;
3.28 3.09 3.52 3.48 2.88 2.80 2.46 2.44
1.87 1.92 2.19 2.19 2.77 2.66 3.74 3.44
2.55 2.55 3.78 3.87 4.07 4.12 3.31 3.31
;

proc nested data=Turnip;
   classes plant leaf;
   var calcium;
run;

The results indicate that there is significant (nonzero) variation from plant to plant (Pr > F is 0.0097) and from leaf to leaf within a plant (Pr > F is less than 0.0001). Notice that the variance component for Plant uses the Leaf mean square as an error term in the model rather than the error mean square.