The PHREG Procedure |
OUTPUT Statement |
The OUTPUT statement creates a new SAS data set containing statistics calculated for each observation. These can include the estimated linear predictor () and its standard error, survival distribution estimates, residuals, and influence statistics. In addition, this data set includes the time variable, the explanatory variables listed in the MODEL statement, the censoring variable (if specified), and the BY, STRATA, FREQ, and ID variables (if specified).
For observations with missing values in the time variable or any explanatory variables, the output statistics are set to missing. However, for observations with missing values only in the censoring variable or the FREQ variable, survival estimates are still computed. Therefore, by adding observations with missing values in the FREQ variable or the censoring variable, you can compute the survivor function estimates for new observations or for settings of explanatory variables not present in the data without affecting the model fit.
No OUTPUT data set is created if the model contains a time-dependent variable defined by means of programming statements.
The following list explains specifications in the OUTPUT statement.
names the output data set. If you omit the OUT= option, the OUTPUT data set is created and given a default name by using the DATAn convention. See the section OUT= Output Data Set in the OUTPUT Statement for more information.
specifies the number of subjects at risk at the observation time (or at the right endpoint of the at-risk interval when a counting process MODEL specification is used).
specifies the approximate changes in the parameter estimates when the th observation is omitted. These variables are a weighted transform of the score residual variables and are useful in assessing local influence and in computing robust variance estimates.
specifies the approximate likelihood displacement when the observation is left out. This diagnostic can be used to assess the impact of each observation on the overall fit of the model.
specifies the relative influence of observations on the overall fit of the model. This diagnostic is useful in assessing the sensitivity of the fit of the model to each observation.
specifies the log of the negative log of SURVIVAL.
specifies the log of SURVIVAL.
specifies the deviance residual . This is a transform of the martingale residual to achieve a more symmetric distribution.
specifies the martingale residual . The residual at the observation time can be interpreted as the difference over in the observed number of events minus the expected number of events given by the model.
specifies the Schoenfeld residuals. These residuals are useful in assessing the proportional hazards assumption.
specifies the score residuals. These residuals are a decomposition of the first partial derivative of the log likelihood. They can be used to assess the leverage exerted by each subject in the parameter estimation. They are also useful in constructing robust sandwich variance estimators.
specifies the standard error of the estimated linear predictor, .
specifies the survivor function estimate , where is the observation time.
specifies the weighted Schoenfeld residuals. These residuals are useful in investigating the nature of nonproportionality if the proportional hazard assumption does not hold.
The following options can appear in the OUTPUT statement after a slash (/) as follows:
specifies the order of the observations in the OUTPUT data set. Available values for sort_order are as follows:
requests that the output observations be sorted the same as the input data set.
requests that the output observations be sorted by strata and descending order of the time variable within each stratum.
The default is ORDER=DATA.
specifies that the empirical cumulative hazard function estimate of the survivor function be computed; that is, the survivor function is estimated by exponentiating the negative empirical cumulative hazard function.
specifies that the product-limit estimate of the survivor function be computed.
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