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Depending on the optimization method you select, analytical first- and second-order derivatives are computed automatically. Derivatives can still be supplied using the DER.parm syntax. These DER.parm derivatives are not verified by the differentiator. If any needed derivatives are not supplied, they are computed and added to the programming statements. To view the computed derivatives, use the LISTDER or LIST option.
The following model is solved using Newton’s method. Analytical first- and second-order derivatives are automatically computed. The compiled program code is shown in Figure 60.6.
proc nlin data=Enzyme method=newton list;
parms x1=4 x2=2;
model Velocity = x1 * exp (x2 * Concentration);
run;
Figure 60.6
Model and Derivative Code Output
| 1 |
1057:4 |
MODEL.Velocity = x1 * EXP(x2 * Concentration); |
| 1 |
1057:4 |
@MODEL.Velocity/@x1 = EXP(x2 * Concentration); |
| 1 |
1057:4 |
@MODEL.Velocity/@x2 = x1 * Concentration * EXP(x2 * Concentration); |
| 1 |
1057:4 |
@@MODEL.Velocity/@x1/@x2 = Concentration * EXP(x2 * Concentration); |
| 1 |
1057:4 |
@@MODEL.Velocity/@x2/@x1 = Concentration * EXP(x2 * Concentration); |
| 1 |
1057:4 |
@@MODEL.Velocity/@x2/@x2 = x1 * Concentration * Concentration * EXP(x2 * Concentration); |
Note that all the derivatives require the evaluation of EXP(X2 * Concentration). The actual machine-level code is displayed if you specify the LISTCODE option, as in the following statements:
proc nlin data=Enzyme method=newton listcode;
parms x1=4 x2=2;
model Velocity = x1 * exp (x2 * Concentration);
run;
Note that, in the generated code, only one exponentiation is performed (Figure 60.7). The generated code reuses previous operations to be more efficient.
Figure 60.7
LISTCODE Output
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| 1 Stmt MODEL |
line 1064 column 4. (1) arg=MODEL.Velocity argsave=MODEL.Velocity |
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| |
Source Text: |
model Velocity = x1 * exp (x2 * Concentration); |
| Oper * |
at 1064:34 (30,0,2). |
* : _temp1 <- x2 Concentration |
| Oper EXP |
at 1064:30 (103,0,1). |
EXP : _temp2 <- _temp1 |
| Oper * |
at 1064:24 (30,0,2). |
* : MODEL.Velocity <- x1 _temp2 |
| Oper eeocf |
at 1064:24 (18,0,1). |
eeocf : _DER_ <- _DER_ |
| Oper = |
at 1064:24 (1,0,1). |
= : @MODEL.Velocity/@x1 <- _temp2 |
| Oper * |
at 1064:30 (30,0,2). |
* : @1dt1_1 <- Concentration _temp2 |
| Oper * |
at 1064:24 (30,0,2). |
* : @MODEL.Velocity/@x2 <- x1 @1dt1_1 |
| Oper = |
at 1064:24 (1,0,1). |
= : @@MODEL.Velocity/@x1/@x2 <- @1dt1_1 |
| Oper = |
at 1064:24 (1,0,1). |
= : @@MODEL.Velocity/@x2/@x1 <- @1dt1_1 |
| Oper * |
at 1064:30 (30,0,2). |
* : @2dt1_1 <- Concentration @1dt1_1 |
| Oper * |
at 1064:24 (30,0,2). |
* : @@MODEL.Velocity/@x2/@x2 <- x1 @2dt1_1 |
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© 2009 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. All
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