Contained Effect

Given two effects and , is said to be contained in provided that the following two conditions are met:

• Both effects involve the same continuous variables (if any).

• has more CLASS variables than does, and if has CLASS variables, they all appear in .

Note that the intercept effect is contained in all pure CLASS effects, but it is not contained in any effect involving a continuous variable. No effect is contained by .

Type II, Type III, and Type IV estimable functions rely on this definition, and they all have one thing in common: the estimable functions involving an effect also involve the parameters of all effects that contain , and they do not involve the parameters of effects that do not contain (other than ).

Hypothesis Matrix for Type II Estimable Functions

The Type II estimable functions for an effect have an (before reduction to full row rank) of the following form:

• All columns of associated with effects not containing (except ) are zero.

• The submatrix of associated with effect is .

• Each of the remaining submatrices of associated with an effect that contains is .

In these submatrices,

For the model

   class A B;
   model Y = A B A*B; 

the Type II SS correspond to

for effects , , and , respectively. For the model

   class A B C;
   model Y =  A B(A) C(A B);

the Type II SS correspond to

for effects , and , respectively. For the model

   model Y = x x*x;

the Type II SS correspond to

for and , respectively.

Note that, as in the situation for Type I tests, PROC MIXED and PROC GLIMMIX compute Type I hypotheses by sweeping , but their test statistics are not necessarily equivalent to the results of sequentially fitting with those procedures models that contain successively more effects; while PROC TRANSREG computes tests labeled as being Type II by leaving out each effect in turn, but the specific linear hypotheses associated with these tests might not be precisely the same as the ones derived from successively sweeping .

Example of Type II Estimable Functions

For a factorial with observations per cell, the general form of estimable functions is shown in Table 15.5. Any nonzero values for , , and can be used to construct vectors for computing the Type II SS for , , and , respectively.

Table 15.5 General Form of Estimable Functions for Factorial

Effect		Coefficient

For a balanced factorial with the same number of observations in every cell, the Type II estimable functions are shown in Table 15.6.

Table 15.6 Type II Estimable Functions for Balanced Factorial

		Coefficients for Effect
Effect

Now consider an unbalanced factorial with two observations in every cell except the cell, which contains only one observation. The general form of estimable functions is the same as if it were balanced, since the same effects are still estimable. However, the Type II estimable functions for and are not the same as they were for the balanced design. The Type II estimable functions for this unbalanced factorial are shown in Table 15.7.

Table 15.7 Type II Estimable Functions for Unbalanced Factorial

		Coefficients for Effect
Effect

By comparing the hypothesis being tested in the balanced case to the hypothesis being tested in the unbalanced case for effects and , you can note that the Type II hypotheses for and are dependent on the cell frequencies in the design. For unbalanced designs in which the cell frequencies are not proportional to the background population, the Type II hypotheses for effects that are contained in other effects are of questionable value.

However, if an effect is not contained in any other effect, the Type II hypothesis for that effect is an MRH that does not involve any parameters except those associated with the effect in question.

Thus, Type II SS are appropriate for the following models:

• any balanced model

• any main-effects model

• any pure regression model

• an effect not contained in any other effect (regardless of the model)

In addition to the preceding models, Type II SS are generally accepted by most statisticians for purely nested models.