PROC CATMOD: Log-Linear Model, Structural and Sampling Zeros :: SAS/STAT(R) 9.2 User's Guide, Second Edition

The CATMOD Procedure

Example 28.5 Log-Linear Model, Structural and Sampling Zeros

This example illustrates a log-linear model of independence, by using data that contain structural zero frequencies as well as sampling (random) zero frequencies.

In a population of six squirrel monkeys, the joint distribution of genital display with respect to active or passive role was observed. The data are from Fienberg (1980, Table 8-2). Since a monkey cannot have both the active and passive roles in the same interaction, the diagonal cells of the table are structural zeros. See Agresti (2002) for more information about the quasi-independence model.

The DATA step replaces the structural zeros with missing values, and the MISSING=STRUCTURAL option is specified in the MODEL statement to remove these zeros from the analysis. The ZERO=SAMPLING option treats the off-diagonal zeros as sampling zeros. Also, the row for Monkey 't' is deleted since it contains all zeros; therefore, the cell frequencies predicted by a model of independence are also zero. In addition, the CONTRAST statement compares the behavior of the two monkeys labeled 'u' and 'v'. See the section Structural and Sampling Zeros with Raw Data for information about how to perform this analysis when you have raw data. The following statements produce Output 28.5.1 through Output 28.5.8:

   data Display;
      input Active $ Passive $ wt @@;
      if Active ne 't';
      if Active eq Passive then wt=.;
      datalines;
   r r  0   r s  1   r t  5   r u  8   r v  9   r w  0
   s r 29   s s  0   s t 14   s u 46   s v  4   s w  0
   t r  0   t s  0   t t  0   t u  0   t v  0   t w  0
   u r  2   u s  3   u t  1   u u  0   u v 38   u w  2
   v r  0   v s  0   v t  0   v u  0   v v  0   v w  1
   w r  9   w s 25   w t  4   w u  6   w v 13   w w  0
   ;

   title 'Behavior of Squirrel Monkeys';
   proc catmod data=Display;
      weight wt;
      model Active*Passive=_response_ /
            missing=structural zero=sampling
            freq pred=freq noparm oneway;
      loglin Active Passive;
      contrast 'Passive, U vs. V' Passive 0 0 0 1 -1;
      contrast 'Active,  U vs. V' Active  0 0 1 -1;
      title2 'Test Quasi-Independence for the Incomplete Table';
   quit;

Output 28.5.1 Log-Linear Model Analysis with Zero Frequencies

Behavior of Squirrel Monkeys

Test Quasi-Independence for the Incomplete Table

The CATMOD Procedure

Data Summary
Response	Active*Passive	Response Levels	25
Weight Variable	wt	Populations	1
Data Set	DISPLAY	Total Frequency	220
Frequency Missing	0	Observations	25

The results of the ONEWAY option are shown in Output 28.5.2. Monkey 't' does not show up as a value for the Active variable since that row was removed.

Output 28.5.2 Output from the ONEWAY option

One-Way Frequencies
Variable	Value	Frequency
Active	r	23
	s	93
	u	46
	v	1
	w	57
Passive	r	40
	s	29
	t	24
	u	60
	v	64
	w	3

Sampling zeros are displayed as 0 in Output 28.5.4. The Response Number column corresponds to the value displayed in the "Response Profiles" table in Output 28.5.3.

Output 28.5.3 Profiles

Population Profiles
Sample	Sample Size
1	220

Response Profiles
Response	Active	Passive
1	r	s
2	r	t
3	r	u
4	r	v
5	r	w
6	s	r
7	s	t
8	s	u
9	s	v
10	s	w
11	u	r
12	u	s
13	u	t
14	u	v
15	u	w
16	v	r
17	v	s
18	v	t
19	v	u
20	v	w
21	w	r
22	w	s
23	w	t
24	w	u
25	w	v

Output 28.5.4 Frequency of Response by Response Number

Response Frequencies
Sample	Response Number
Sample	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25
1	1	5	8	9	0	29	14	46	4	0	2	3	1	38	2	0	0	0	0	1	9	25	4	6	13

The analysis of variance table (Output 28.5.5) shows that the model of independence does not fit since the likelihood ratio test for the interaction is significant. In other words, active and passive behaviors of the squirrel monkeys are dependent behavior roles.

Output 28.5.5 Analysis of Variance Table

Maximum Likelihood Analysis of Variance
Source	DF	Chi-Square	Pr > ChiSq
Active	4	56.58	<.0001
Passive	5	47.94	<.0001
Likelihood Ratio	15	135.17	<.0001

If the model fit these data, then the contrasts in Output 28.5.6 show that monkeys 'u' and 'v' appear to have similar passive behavior patterns but very different active behavior patterns.

Output 28.5.6 Contrasts between Monkeys 'u' and 'v'

Contrasts of Maximum Likelihood Estimates
Contrast	DF	Chi-Square	Pr > ChiSq
Passive, U vs. V	1	1.31	0.2524
Active, U vs. V	1	14.87	0.0001

Output 28.5.7 displays the predicted response functions and Output 28.5.8 displays predicted cell frequencies (from the PRED=FREQ option), but since the model does not fit, these should be ignored. Note that, since the response function is the generalized logit with the 25th response as the baseline, the observed response functions for the sampling zeros are missing.

Output 28.5.7 Response Function Predicted Values

Maximum Likelihood Predicted Values for Response Functions
Function Number	Observed		Predicted		Residual
Function Number	Function	Standard Error	Function	Standard Error	Residual
1	-2.56495	1.037749	-0.97355	0.339019	-1.5914
2	-0.95551	0.526235	-1.72504	0.345438	0.769529
3	-0.48551	0.449359	-0.52751	0.309254	0.042007
4	-0.36772	0.433629	-0.73927	0.249006	0.371543
5	.	.	-3.56052	0.634104	.
6	0.802346	0.333775	0.320589	0.26629	0.481758
7	0.074108	0.385164	-0.29934	0.295634	0.37345
8	1.263692	0.314105	0.898184	0.250857	0.365508
9	-1.17865	0.571772	0.686431	0.173396	-1.86509
10	.	.	-2.13482	0.608071	.
11	-1.8718	0.759555	-0.2415	0.287218	-1.63031
12	-1.46634	0.640513	-0.10994	0.303568	-1.3564
13	-2.56495	1.037749	-0.86143	0.314794	-1.70352
14	1.072637	0.321308	0.124346	0.204345	0.94829
15	-1.8718	0.759555	-2.6969	0.617433	0.8251
16	.	.	-4.14787	1.024508	.
17	.	.	-4.01632	1.030062	.
18	.	.	-4.76781	1.032457	.
19	.	.	-3.57028	1.020794	.
20	-2.56495	1.037749	-6.60328	1.161289	4.038332
21	-0.36772	0.433629	-0.36584	0.202959	-0.00188
22	0.653926	0.34194	-0.23429	0.232794	0.888212
23	-1.17865	0.571772	-0.98577	0.239408	-0.19288
24	-0.77319	0.493548	0.211754	0.185007	-0.98494

Output 28.5.8 Predicted Frequencies

Maximum Likelihood Predicted Values for Frequencies
Active	Passive	Observed		Predicted		Residual
Active	Passive	Frequency	Standard Error	Frequency	Standard Error	Residual
r	s	1	0.997725	5.259508	1.36156	-4.25951
r	t	5	2.210512	2.480726	0.691066	2.519274
r	u	8	2.776525	8.215948	1.855146	-0.21595
r	v	9	2.937996	6.648049	1.50932	2.351951
r	w	0	0	0.395769	0.240268	-0.39577
s	r	29	5.017696	19.18599	3.147915	9.814007
s	t	14	3.620648	10.32172	2.169599	3.678284
s	u	46	6.031734	34.18463	4.428706	11.81537
s	v	4	1.981735	27.66096	3.722788	-23.661
s	w	0	0	1.6467	0.952712	-1.6467
u	r	2	1.407771	10.9364	2.12322	-8.9364
u	s	3	1.720201	12.47407	2.554336	-9.47407
u	t	1	0.997725	5.883583	1.380655	-4.88358
u	v	38	5.606814	15.7673	2.684692	22.2327
u	w	2	1.407771	0.938652	0.551645	1.061348
v	r	0	0	0.219966	0.221779	-0.21997
v	s	0	0	0.250893	0.253706	-0.25089
v	t	0	0	0.118338	0.120314	-0.11834
v	u	0	0	0.391924	0.393255	-0.39192
v	w	1	0.997725	0.018879	0.021728	0.981121
w	r	9	2.937996	9.657645	1.808656	-0.65765
w	s	25	4.707344	11.01553	2.275019	13.98447
w	t	4	1.981735	5.195638	1.184452	-1.19564
w	u	6	2.415857	17.2075	2.772098	-11.2075
w	v	13	3.497402	13.92369	2.24158	-0.92369

Structural and Sampling Zeros with Raw Data

The preceding PROC CATMOD step uses cell count data as input. Prior to invoking the CATMOD procedure, structural and sampling zeros are easily identified and manipulated in a single DATA step. For the situation where structural or sampling zeros (or both) exist and the input data set is raw data, use the following steps:

Run PROC FREQ on the raw data (see Chapter 35, The FREQ Procedure ). In the TABLES statement, list all dependent and independent variables, separated by asterisks, and use the SPARSE option and the OUT= option. This creates an output data set that contains all possible zero frequencies. Since the tabled output can be huge, you should also specify the NOPRINT option in the TABLES statement.
Use a DATA step to change the zero frequencies associated with either sampling zeros or structural zeros to missing.
Use the resulting data set as input to PROC CATMOD, specify the statement WEIGHT COUNT to use adjusted frequencies, and specify the ZERO= and MISSING= options to define your sampling and structural zeros.

For example, suppose the data set RawDisplay contains the raw data for the squirrel monkey data. The following statements show how to obtain the same analysis as shown previously:

   proc freq data=RawDisplay;
      tables Active*Passive / sparse out=Combos noprint;
   run;

   data Combos2;
      set Combos;
      if Active ne 't';
      if Active eq Passive then count=.; 
   run;

   proc catmod data=Combos2;
      weight count;
      model Active*Passive=_response_ /
            zero=sampling missing=structural
            freq pred=freq noparm noresponse;
      loglin Active Passive;
   quit;

The first IF statement in the DATA step is needed only for this particular example; since observations for Monkey 't' were deleted from the Display data set, they also need to be deleted from Combos2.

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