SAS/IML(R) 9.2 User's Guide
- What's New in SAS/IML 9.2
Introduction to SAS/IML Software- Understanding the Interactive Matrix Language
- Tutorial: A Module for Linear Regression
Working with Matrices- Programming Statements
- Working with SAS Data Sets
- Overview
- Opening a SAS Data Set
- Making a SAS Data Set Current
- Displaying SAS Data Set Information
- Referring to a SAS Data Set
- Listing Observations
- Reading Observations from a SAS Data Set
- Editing a SAS Data Set
- Creating a SAS Data Set from a Matrix
- Understanding the End-of-File Condition
- Producing Summary Statistics
- Sorting a SAS Data Set
- Indexing a SAS Data Set
- Data Set Maintenance Functions
- Summary of Commands
- Comparison with the SAS DATA Step
- Summary
- File Access
- General Statistics Examples
- Overview
- General Statistics Examples
- Example 8.1: Correlation
- Example 8.2: Newton's Method for Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations
- Example 8.3: Regression
- Example 8.4: Alpha Factor Analysis
- Example 8.5: Categorical Linear Models
- Example 8.6: Regression of Subsets of Variables
- Example 8.7: Response Surface Methodology
- Example 8.8: Logistic and Probit Regression for Binary Response Models
- Example 8.9: Linear Programming
- Example 8.10: Quadratic Programming
- Example 8.11: Regression Quantiles
- Example 8.12: Simulations of a Univariate ARMA Process
- Example 8.13: Parameter Estimation for a Regression Model with ARMA Errors
- Example 8.14: Iterative Proportional Fitting
- Example 8.15: Full-Screen Nonlinear Regression
- References
- Robust Regression Examples
- Time Series Analysis and Examples
- Nonlinear Optimization Examples
- Overview
- Getting Started
- Details
- Nonlinear Optimization Examples
- Example 11.1: Chemical Equilibrium
- Example 11.2: Network Flow and Delay
- Example 11.3: Compartmental Analysis
- Example 11.4: MLEs for Two-Parameter Weibull Distribution
- Example 11.5: Profile-Likelihood-Based Confidence Intervals
- Example 11.6: Survival Curve for Interval Censored Data
- Example 11.7: A Two-Equation Maximum Likelihood Problem
- Example 11.8: Time-Optimal Heat Conduction
- References
- Graphics Examples
- Window and Display Features
- Storage Features
- Using SAS/IML Software to Generate IML Statements
- Overview
- Generating and Executing Statements
- Executing a String Immediately
- Feeding an Interactive Program
- Calling the Operating System
- Calling the SAS Windowing Environment
- Executing Any Command in an EXECUTE Call
- Making Operands More Flexible
- Interrupt Control
- Specific Error Control
- General Error Control
- Macro Interface
- IML Line Pushing Contrasted with Using the Macro Facility
- Example 15.1: Full-Screen Editing
- Summary
- Wavelet Analysis
- Genetic Algorithms
- Overview
- Formulating a Genetic Algorithm Optimization
- Executing a Genetic Algorithm
- Setting Up the IML Program
- Incorporating Local Optimization
- Handling Constraints
- Example 17.1: Genetic Algorithm with Local Optimization
- Example 17.2: Real-Valued Objective Optimization with Constant Bounds
- Example 17.3: Integer Programming Knapsack Problem
- Example 17.4: Optimization with Linear Constraints Using Repair Strategy
- References
- Sparse Matrix Algorithms
- Further Notes
- Language Reference
- Overview
- Operators
- Addition Operator: +
- Comparison Operators: < > = <= >= ^=
- Concatenation Operator, Horizontal: ||
- Concatenation Operator, Vertical: //
- Direct Product Operator: @
- Division Operator: /
- Element Maximum Operator: <>
- Element Minimum Operator: ><
- Index Creation Operator: :
- Logical Operators: & | ^
- Multiplication Operator, Elementwise: #
- Multiplication Operator, Matrix: *
- Power Operator, Elementwise: ##
- Power Operator, Matrix: **
- Sign Reverse Operator: -
- Subscripts: [ ]
- Subtraction Operator: -
- Transpose Operator: `
- Statements, Functions, and Subroutines
- ABORT Statement
- ABS Function
- ALL Function
- ANY Function
- APPCORT Call
- APPEND Statement
- APPLY Function
- ARMACOV Call
- ARMALIK Call
- ARMASIM Function
- BLOCK Function
- BRANKS Function
- BSPLINE Function
- BTRAN Function
- BYTE Function
- CALL Statement
- CHANGE Call
- CHAR Function
- CHOOSE Function
- CLOSE Statement
- CLOSEFILE Statement
- COMPORT Call
- CONCAT Function
- CONTENTS Function
- CONVEXIT Function
- COVLAG Function
- CREATE Statement
- CSHAPE Function
- CUSUM Function
- CVEXHULL Function
- DATASETS Function
- DELETE Call
- DELETE Statement
- DESIGN Function
- DESIGNF Function
- DET Function
- DIAG Function
- DISPLAY Statement
- DO Function
- DO and END Statements
- DO Statement, Iterative
- DO DATA Statement
- DO Statement with an UNTIL Clause
- DO Statement with a WHILE Clause
- DURATION Function
- ECHELON Function
- EDIT Statement
- EIGEN Call
- EIGVAL Function
- EIGVEC Function
- END Statement
- EXECUTE Call
- EXP Function
- FARMACOV Call
- FARMAFIT Call
- FARMALIK Call
- FARMASIM Call
- FDIF Call
- FFT Function
- FILE Statement
- FIND Statement
- FINISH Statement
- FORCE Statement
- FORWARD Function
- FREE Statement
- GAEND Call - Experimental
- GAGETMEM Call - Experimental
- GAGETVAL Call - Experimental
- GAINIT Call - Experimental
- GAREEVAL Call - Experimental
- GAREGEN Call - Experimental
- GASETCRO Call - Experimental
- GASETMUT Call - Experimental
- GASETOBJ Call - Experimental
- GASETSEL Call - Experimental
- GASETUP Function - Experimental
- GBLKVP Call
- GBLKVPD Call
- GCLOSE Call
- GDELETE Call
- GDRAW Call
- GDRAWL Call
- GENEIG Call
- GEOMEAN Function
- GGRID Call
- GINCLUDE Call
- GINV Function
- GOPEN Call
- GOTO Statement
- GPIE Call
- GPIEXY Call
- GPOINT Call
- GPOLY Call
- GPORT Call
- GPORTPOP Call
- GPORTSTK Call
- GSCALE Call
- GSCRIPT Call
- GSET Call
- GSHOW Call
- GSORTH Call
- GSTART Call
- GSTOP Call
- GSTRLEN Call
- GTEXT and GVTEXT Calls
- GWINDOW Call
- GXAXIS and GYAXIS Calls
- HADAMARD Function
- HALF Function
- HANKEL Function
- HARMEAN Function
- HDIR Function
- HERMITE Function
- HOMOGEN Function
- I Function
- IF-THEN/ELSE Statement
- IFFT Function
- INDEX Statement
- INFILE Statement
- INPUT Statement
- INSERT Function
- INT Function
- INV Function
- INVUPDT Function
- IPF Call
- ITSOLVER Call
- J Function
- JROOT Function
- KALCVF Call
- KALCVS Call
- KALDFF Call
- KALDFS Call
- LAV Call
- LCP Call
- LENGTH Function
- LINK and RETURN Statements
- LIST Statement
- LMS Call
- LOAD Statement
- LOC Function
- LOG Function
- LP Call
- LTS Call
- LUPDT Call
- MAD Function
- MARG Call
- MATTRIB Statement
- MAX Function
- MAXQFORM Call
- MCD Call
- MIN Function
- MOD Function
- MODULEI Call
- MODULEIC Function
- MODULEIN Function
- MVE Call
- NAME Function
- NCOL Function
- NLENG Function
- Nonlinear Optimization and Related Subroutines
- NLPCG Call
- NLPDD Call
- NLPFDD Call
- NLPFEA Call
- NLPHQN Call
- NLPLM Call
- NLPNMS Call
- NLPNRA Call
- NLPNRR Call
- NLPQN Call
- NLPQUA Call
- NLPTR Call
- NORMAL Function
- NROW Function
- NUM Function
- ODE Call
- ODSGRAPH Call
- OPSCAL Function
- ORPOL Function
- ORTVEC Call
- PAUSE Statement
- PGRAF Call
- POLYROOT Function
- PRINT Statement
- PRODUCT Function
- PURGE Statement
- PUSH Call
- PUT Statement
- PV Function
- QR Call
- QUAD Call
- QUEUE Call
- QUIT Statement
- RANDGEN Call
- RANDSEED Call
- RANK Function
- RANKTIE Function
- RATES Function
- RATIO Function
- RDODT and RUPDT Calls
- READ Statement
- REMOVE Function
- REMOVE Statement
- RENAME Call
- REPEAT Function
- REPLACE Statement
- RESET Statement
- RESUME Statement
- RETURN Statement
- ROOT Function
- ROWCAT Function
- ROWCATC Function
- RUN Statement
- RUPDT Call
- RZLIND Call
- SAVE Statement
- SEQ, SEQSCALE, and SEQSHIFT Calls
- SEQSCALE Call
- SEQSHIFT Call
- SETDIF Function
- SETIN Statement
- SETOUT Statement
- SHAPE Function
- SHOW Statement
- SOLVE Function
- SOLVELIN Call
- SORT Call
- SORT Statement
- SORTNDX Call
- SOUND Call
- SPLINE and SPLINEC Calls
- SPLINEV Function
- SPOT Function
- SQRSYM Function
- SQRT Function
- SSQ Function
- START and FINISH Statements
- STOP Statement
- STORAGE Function
- STORE Statement
- SUBSTR Function
- SUM Function
- SUMMARY Statement
- SVD Call
- SWEEP Function
- SYMSQR Function
- T Function
- TEIGEN Call
- TEIGVAL Function
- TEIGVEC Function
- TOEPLITZ Function
- TPSPLINE Call
- TPSPLNEV Call
- TRACE Function
- TRISOLV Function
- TSBAYSEA Call
- TSDECOMP Call
- TSMLOCAR Call
- TSMLOMAR Call
- TSMULMAR Call
- TSPEARS Call
- TSPRED Call
- TSROOT Call
- TSTVCAR Call
- TSUNIMAR Call
- TYPE Function
- UNIFORM Function
- UNION Function
- UNIQUE Function
- UNIQUEBY Function
- USE Statement
- VALSET Call
- VALUE Function
- VARMACOV Call
- VARMALIK Call
- VARMASIM Call
- VECDIAG Function
- VNORMAL Call
- VTSROOT Call
- WAVFT Call
- WAVGET Call
- WAVIFT Call
- WAVPRINT Call
- WAVTHRSH Call
- WINDOW Statement
- XMULT Function
- XSECT Function
- YIELD Function
- Base SAS Functions Accessible from SAS/IML
- Bitwise Logical Operation Functions
- Character and Formatting Functions
- Character String Matching Functions and Subroutines
- Date and Time Functions
- Descriptive Statistics Functions and Subroutines
- Double-Byte Character String Functions
- External Files Functions
- File I/O Functions
- Financial Functions
- Macro Functions and Subroutines
- Mathematical Functions and Subroutines
- Probability Functions
- Quantile Functions
- Random Number Functions and Subroutines
- State and Zip Code Functions
- Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
- Truncation Functions
- Web Tools
- References
- Module Library
- Overview
- Modules Reference
- COLVEC Function
- CORR Function
- EXPMATRIX Function
- GBXWHSKR Call
- GPROBCNT Call
- GXYPLOT Call
- MEDIAN Function
- QUADREG Call
- QUARTILE Function
- RANDDIRICHLET Function
- RANDMULTINOMIAL Function
- RANDMVT Function
- RANDNORMAL Function
- RANDWISHART Function
- REGRESS Call
- ROWVEC Function
- RSUBSTR Function
- STANDARD Function
- TABPRT Call
- References
Index here
| Product | Release |
|---|---|
| SAS/IML | 9.2 |
- Type
- Usage and Reference
- Copyright Date
- March 2008
- Last Updated
- 15Apr2008
| Previous | | | Next |
| Working with Matrices |
Operators
Operators used in matrix expressions fall into three general categories:
- prefix operators
- are placed in front of operands. For example,
uses the sign reverse prefix operator (-) in front of the operand 
to reverse the sign of each element of . - infix operators
- are placed between operands. For example,
uses the addition infix operator (+) between operands and 
to add corresponding elements of the matrices. - postfix operators
- are placed after an operand. For example,
uses the transpose postfix operator (
) after the operand to transpose .
Matrix operators are listed in Appendix 1, "SAS/IML Quick Reference," and described in detail in Chapter 20.
Table 4.1 shows the precedence of matrix operators in Interactive Matrix Language.
Table 4.1: Operator Precedence| Priority Group | Operators | ||||||
| I (highest) | ^ | subscripts | -(prefix) | ## | ** | ||
| II | * | # | <> | >< | / | @ | |
| III | + | - | |||||
| IV |  |
// | : | ||||
| V | < | <= | > | >= | = | ^= | |
| VI | & | ||||||
| VII (lowest) | | | ||||||
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Copyright © 2007 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. All rights reserved.