Example 19.6 General Form Equations

Data for this example are generated. General form equations are estimated and forecast by using PROC MODEL. The system is a basic supply and demand model.

The following statements specify the form of the model:

title1 "General Form Equations for Supply-Demand Model";

proc model outmodel=model;
   var price quantity income unitcost;
   parms d0-d2 s0-s2;
   eq.demand=d0+d1*price+d2*income-quantity;
   eq.supply=s0+s1*price+s2*unitcost-quantity;
run;

Three data sets are used in this example. The first data set, HISTORY, is used to estimate the parameters of the model. The ASSUME data set is used to produce a forecast of PRICE and QUANTITY. Notice that the ASSUME data set does not need to contain the variables PRICE and QUANTITY. The HISTORY data set is shown as follows:

data history;
   input year income unitcost price quantity;
datalines;
1976    2221.87    3.31220     0.17903    266.714
1977    2254.77    3.61647     0.06757    276.049
1978    2285.16    2.21601     0.82916    285.858

   ... more lines ...   

The ASSUME data set is shown as follows:

data assume;
   input year income unitcost;
datalines;
1986    2571.87    2.31220
1987    2609.12    2.45633
1988    2639.77    2.51647
1989    2667.77    1.65617
1990    2705.16    1.01601
;

The third data set, GOAL, used in a forecast of PRICE and UNITCOST as a function of INCOME and QUANTITY is as follows:

   data goal;
      input year income quantity;
   datalines;
   1986    2571.87     371.4
   1987    2721.08     416.5
   1988    3327.05     597.3
   1989    3885.85     764.1
   1990    3650.98     694.3
   ;

The following statements fit the model to the HISTORY data set and solve the fitted model for the ASSUME data set.

proc model model=model outmodel=model;

/* estimate the model parameters */
   fit supply demand / data=history outest=est n2sls;
   instruments income unitcost year;
run;

/* produce forecasts for income and unitcost assumptions */
   solve price quantity / data=assume out=pq;
run;

title2 "Parameter Estimates for the System";
proc print data=est;
run;

title2 "Price Quantity Solution";
proc print data=pq;
run;

The model summary of the supply and demand model is shown as follows:

Output 19.6.1: Model Summary

General Form Equations for Supply-Demand Model

The MODEL Procedure

Model Summary
Model Variables 4
Parameters 6
Equations 2
Number of Statements 3

Model Variables price quantity income unitcost
Parameters d0 d1 d2 s0 s1 s2
Equations demand supply

The 2 Equations to Estimate
supply = F(s0(1), s1(price), s2(unitcost))
demand = F(d0(1), d1(price), d2(income))
Instruments 1 income unitcost year


The estimation results are shown in Output 19.6.2 and the OUTEST= data set is show in Output 19.6.3. The output data set produced by the SOLVE statement is shown in Output 19.6.4.

Output 19.6.2: Output from the FIT Statement

General Form Equations for Supply-Demand Model

The MODEL Procedure

Nonlinear 2SLS Summary of Residual Errors 
Equation DF Model DF Error SSE MSE Root MSE R-Square Adj R-Sq
supply 3 7 3.3240 0.4749 0.6891    
demand 3 7 1.0829 0.1547 0.3933    

Nonlinear 2SLS Parameter Estimates
Parameter Estimate Approx Std Err t Value Approx
Pr > |t|
d0 -395.887 4.1841 -94.62 <.0001
d1 0.717328 0.5673 1.26 0.2466
d2 0.298061 0.00187 159.65 <.0001
s0 -107.62 4.1780 -25.76 <.0001
s1 201.5711 1.5977 126.16 <.0001
s2 102.2116 1.1217 91.12 <.0001


Output 19.6.3: Listing of OUTEST= Data Set Created in the FIT Statement

General Form Equations for Supply-Demand Model
Parameter Estimates for the System

Obs _NAME_ _TYPE_ _STATUS_ _NUSED_ d0 d1 d2 s0 s1 s2
1   2SLS 0 Converged 10 -395.887 0.71733 0.29806 -107.620 201.571 102.212


Output 19.6.4: Listing of OUT= Data Set Created in the First SOLVE Statement

General Form Equations for Supply-Demand Model
Price Quantity Solution

Obs _TYPE_ _MODE_ _ERRORS_ price quantity income unitcost year
1 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 1.20473 371.552 2571.87 2.31220 1986
2 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 1.18666 382.642 2609.12 2.45633 1987
3 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 1.20154 391.788 2639.77 2.51647 1988
4 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 1.68089 400.478 2667.77 1.65617 1989
5 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 2.06214 411.896 2705.16 1.01601 1990


The following statements produce the goal-seeking solutions for PRICE and UNITCOST by using the GOAL dataset.

title2 "Price Unitcost Solution";

/* produce goal-seeking solutions for
     income and quantity assumptions*/
proc model model=model;
   solve price unitcost / data=goal out=pc;
run;

proc print data=pc;
run;

The output data set produced by the final SOLVE statement is shown in Output 19.6.5.

Output 19.6.5: Listing of OUT= Data Set Created in the Second SOLVE Statement

General Form Equations for Supply-Demand Model
Price Unitcost Solution

Obs _TYPE_ _MODE_ _ERRORS_ price quantity income unitcost year
1 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 0.99284 371.4 2571.87 2.72857 1986
2 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 1.86594 416.5 2721.08 1.44798 1987
3 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 2.12230 597.3 3327.05 2.71130 1988
4 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 2.46166 764.1 3885.85 3.67395 1989
5 PREDICT SIMULATE 0 2.74831 694.3 3650.98 2.42576 1990