TIES=BRESLOW

This is the default option. Let

where , and are the set of indices in the selected sample.

Further let

The martingale residual at is defined as

Here estimates the difference over between the observed number of events for the th observation unit and a conditional expected number of events. The quantity is referred to as the martingale residual for the th observation unit.

The deviance residual for the th observation unit is a transformation of the corresponding martingale residuals,

The square root shrinks large negative martingale residuals, while the logarithmic transformation expands martingale residuals that are close to unity. As such, the deviance residuals are more symmetrically distributed around zero than the martingale residuals. For the Cox model, the deviance residual reduces to the form

The Schoenfeld (1982) residual vector is calculated on a per-event-time basis. At the th event time of the th observation unit, the Schoenfeld residual

is the difference between the observed covariate vector for the th observation unit and the average of the covariate vectors over the risk set at . Under the proportional hazards assumption, the Schoenfeld residuals have the sample path of a random walk; therefore, they are useful in assessing time trend or lack of proportionality.

The score process for the th subject at time is

The vector is the score residual for the th observation unit.

The score residuals are a decomposition of the first partial derivative of the log likelihood. They are useful in assessing the influence of each subject on individual parameter estimates. They also play an important role in the computation of the variance estimators.

TIES=EFRON

For TIES=EFRON, the preceding computation is modified to comply with the Efron partial likelihood. For a given uncensored time , let if is an event time for the th observation, and 0 otherwise. Let , which is the number of observation units that have an event at . For , let

where , and are the set of indices in the selected sample.

The martingale residual at for the th observation unit is defined as

Deviance residuals are computed by using the same transform on the corresponding martingale residuals as in TIES=BRESLOW.

The Schoenfeld residual vector for the th observation unit at event time is

The score process for the th observation unit at time is