Introduction to Regression Procedures

Multivariate Tests

Subsections:

Multivariate hypotheses involve several dependent variables in the form

\[ H \colon \bL \bbeta \bM = \mb{d} \]

where $\bL $ is a linear function on the regressor side, $\bbeta $ is a matrix of parameters, $\bM $ is a linear function on the dependent side, and $\mb{d}$ is a matrix of constants. The special case (handled by PROC REG) in which the constants are the same for each dependent variable is expressed as

\[ (\bL \bbeta - \mb{cj})\bM = \mb{0} \]

where $\mb{c}$ is a column vector of constants and $\mb{j}$ is a row vector of 1s. The special case in which the constants are 0 is then

\[ \bL \bbeta \bM = \mb{0} \]

These multivariate tests are covered in detail in Morrison (2004); Timm (2002); Mardia, Kent, and Bibby (1979); Bock (1975); and other works cited in Chapter 9: Introduction to Multivariate Procedures.

Notice that in contrast to the tests discussed in the preceding section, $\bbeta $ here is a matrix of parameter estimates. Suppose that the matrix of estimates is denoted as $\bB $. To test the multivariate hypothesis, construct two matrices, $\bH $ and $\bE $, that correspond to the numerator and denominator of a univariate F test:

\begin{align*} \bH =& \; \bM ’ (\mb{LB} - \mb{cj})’ (\bL (\bX ’\bW \bX )^{-}\bL ’)^{-1} (\mb{LB} - \mb{cj})\bM \\ \bE =& \; \bM ’ \left( \bY ’\bW \bY - \bB ’ (\bX ’\bW \bX )\bB \right)\bM \end{align*}

Four test statistics, based on the eigenvalues of $\bE ^{-1} \bH $ or $(\bE +\bH )^{-1}\bH $, are formed. Let $\lambda _ i$ be the ordered eigenvalues of $\bE ^{-1}\bH $ (if the inverse exists), and let $\xi _ i$ be the ordered eigenvalues of $(\mb{E} + \mb{H})^{-1} \mb{H}$. It happens that $\xi _ i = \lambda _ i / (1+\lambda _ i)$ and $\lambda _ i = \xi _ i / (1-\xi _ i)$, and it turns out that $\rho _ i = \sqrt {\xi _ i}$ is the ith canonical correlation.

Let p be the rank of $(\bH +\bE )$, which is less than or equal to the number of columns of $\bM $. Let q be the rank of $\bL (\bX ’\bW \bX )^{-} \bL ’$. Let v be the error degrees of freedom, and let $s=\min (p,q)$. Let $m = (|p-q|-1)/2$, and let $n=(v-p-1)/2$. Then the following statistics test the multivariate hypothesis in various ways, and their p-values can be approximated by F distributions. Note that in the special case that the rank of $\bH $ is 1, all these F statistics are the same and the corresponding p-values are exact, because in this case the hypothesis is really univariate.

Wilks’ Lambda

If

\[ \Lambda = \frac{\mr{det}(\bE )}{\mr{det}(\bH +\bE )} = \prod _{i=1}^ n \frac{1}{1+ \lambda _ i} = \prod _{i=1}^ n (1 - \xi _ i) \]

then

\[ F = \frac{1- \Lambda ^{1/t}}{\Lambda ^{1/t}} \cdot \frac{rt-2u}{pq} \]

is approximately F distributed, where

\begin{align*} r =& v - \frac{p -q+1}{2} \\ u =& \frac{pq - 2}{4} \\ t =& \left\{ \begin{array}{ccl} \sqrt {\frac{p^2 q^2 - 4}{p^2 + q^2 - 5}} & & \mr{if } p^2 + q^2 - 5 > 0 \\[0.05in] 1 & & \mr{otherwise} \end{array} \right. \end{align*}

The degrees of freedom are $pq$ and $rt-2u$. The distribution is exact if $\min (p,q) \leq 2$. (See Rao 1973, p. 556.)

Pillai’s Trace

If

\[ V = \mr{trace} \left( \bH (\bH +\bE )^{-1} \right) = \sum _{i=1}^ n \frac{\lambda _ i}{1+ \lambda _ i} = \sum _{i=1}^ n \xi _ i \]

then

\[ F = \frac{2n+s+1}{2m+s+1} \cdot \frac{V}{s-V} \]

is approximately F distributed with $s(2m+s+1)$ and $s(2n+s+1)$ degrees of freedom.

Hotelling-Lawley Trace

If

\[ U = \mr{trace} \left( \bE ^{-1} \bH \right) = \sum _{i=1}^ n \lambda _ i = \sum _{i=1}^ n \frac{\xi _ i}{1 - \xi _ i} \]

then for $n>0$

\[ F = (U/c)((4 + (pq+2)/(b-1))/(pq)) \]

is approximately F distributed with $pq$ and $4 + (pq+2)/(b-1)$ degrees of freedom, where $b=(p+2n)(q+2n)/(2(2n+1)(n-1))$ and $c = (2+(pq+2)/(b-1))/(2n)$; while for $n\leq 0$

\[ F = \frac{2(sn+1)U}{s^2 (2m+s+1)} \]

is approximately F with $s(2m+s+1)$ and $2(sn+1)$ degrees of freedom.

Roy’s Maximum Root

If $\Theta = \lambda _1$, then

\[ F = \Theta \frac{v-r+q}{r} \]

where $r=\max (p,q)$ is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level. Degrees of freedom are r for the numerator and $v-r+q$ for the denominator.

Tables of critical values for these statistics are found in Pillai (1960).

Exact Multivariate Tests

If you specify the MSTAT=EXACT option in the appropriate statement, p-values for three of the four tests (Wilks’ lambda, the Hotelling-Lawley trace, and Roy’s greatest root) are computed exactly, and the p-values for the fourth test (Pillai’s trace) are based on an F approximation that is more accurate (but occasionally slightly more liberal) than the default. The exact p-values for Roy’s greatest root benefit the most, because in this case the F approximation provides only a lower bound for the p-value. If you use the F-based p-value for this test in the usual way, declaring a test significant if p < 0.05, then your decisions might be very liberal. For example, instead of the nominal 5% Type I error rate, such a procedure can easily have an actual Type I error rate in excess of 30%. By contrast, basing such a procedure on the exact p-values results in the appropriate 5% Type I error rate, under the usual regression assumptions.

The MSTAT=EXACT option is supported in the ANOVA, CANCORR, CANDISC, GLM, and REG procedures.

The exact p-values are based on the following sources:

  • Wilks’ lambda: Lee (1972); Davis (1979)

  • Pillai’s trace: Muller (1998)

  • Hotelling-Lawley trace: Davis (1970, 1980)

  • Roy’s greatest root: Davis (1972); Pillai and Flury (1984)

Note that, although the MSTAT=EXACT p-value for Pillai’s trace is still approximate, it has "substantially greater accuracy" than the default approximation (Muller, 1998).

Because most of the MSTAT=EXACT p-values are not based on the F distribution, the columns in the multivariate tests table that correspond to this approximation—in particular, the F value and the numerator and denominator degrees of freedom—are no longer displayed, and the column that contains the p-values is labeled "P Value" instead of "Pr > F." Suppose, for example, that you use the following PROC ANOVA statements to perform a multivariate analysis of an archaeological data set: 

data Skulls;
   input Loc $20. Basal Occ Max;
   datalines;
Minas Graes, Brazil  2.068 2.070 1.580
Minas Graes, Brazil  2.068 2.074 1.602
Minas Graes, Brazil  2.090 2.090 1.613
Minas Graes, Brazil  2.097 2.093 1.613
Minas Graes, Brazil  2.117 2.125 1.663
Minas Graes, Brazil  2.140 2.146 1.681
Matto Grosso, Brazil 2.045 2.054 1.580
Matto Grosso, Brazil 2.076 2.088 1.602
Matto Grosso, Brazil 2.090 2.093 1.643
Matto Grosso, Brazil 2.111 2.114 1.643
Santa Cruz, Bolivia  2.093 2.098 1.653
Santa Cruz, Bolivia  2.100 2.106 1.623
Santa Cruz, Bolivia  2.104 2.101 1.653
;

proc anova data=Skulls;
   class Loc;
   model Basal Occ Max = Loc / nouni;
   manova h=Loc;
   ods select MultStat;
run;

The default multivariate tests, based on the F approximations, are shown in Figure 4.5

Figure 4.5: Default Multivariate Tests

The ANOVA Procedure
Multivariate Analysis of Variance

MANOVA Test Criteria and F Approximations for the Hypothesis of No Overall Loc Effect
H = Anova SSCP Matrix for Loc
E = Error SSCP Matrix

S=2 M=0 N=3
Statistic Value F Value Num DF Den DF Pr > F
Wilks' Lambda 0.60143661 0.77 6 16 0.6032
Pillai's Trace 0.44702843 0.86 6 18 0.5397
Hotelling-Lawley Trace 0.58210348 0.75 6 9.0909 0.6272
Roy's Greatest Root 0.35530890 1.07 3 9 0.4109
NOTE: F Statistic for Roy's Greatest Root is an upper bound.
NOTE: F Statistic for Wilks' Lambda is exact. 




               

               


               
If you specify MSTAT=EXACT in the MANOVA statement, as in the following statements, then the displayed output is the much
                  simpler table shown in Figure 4.6: 
               


proc anova data=Skulls;
   class Loc;
   model Basal Occ Max = Loc / nouni;
   manova h=Loc / mstat=exact;
   ods select MultStat;
run;



  

               


Figure 4.6:  Multivariate Tests with MSTAT=EXACT

                  

                     

                        
                        

                           
                           
                           
The ANOVA Procedure

                           
                           
Multivariate Analysis of Variance

                           
                           

                           
                           

                              
                              

                                 
                                 









MANOVA Tests for the Hypothesis of No Overall Loc Effect
H = Anova SSCP Matrix for Loc
E = Error SSCP Matrix

S=2    M=0    N=3
                                          		
                                          
                                       



Statistic
                                          
                                          Value
                                          
                                          P-Value
                                          
                                       





Wilks' Lambda
                                          
                                          0.60143661
                                          
                                          0.6032
                                          
                                       



Pillai's Trace
                                          
                                          0.44702843
                                          
                                          0.5521
                                          
                                       



Hotelling-Lawley Trace
                                          
                                          0.58210348
                                          
                                          0.6337
                                          
                                       



Roy's Greatest Root
                                          
                                          0.35530890
                                          
                                          0.7641
                                          
                                       






                              
                           

                           



                        
                        
                     





               

               


               
Notice that the p-value for Roy’s greatest root is substantially larger in the new table and correspondingly more in line with the p-values for the other tests. 
               

               
If you reference the underlying ODS output object for the table of multivariate statistics, it is important to note that its
                  structure does not depend on the value of the MSTAT= option. In particular, it always contains columns that correspond to
                  both the default MSTAT=FAPPROX and the MSTAT=EXACT tests. Moreover, because the MSTAT=FAPPROX tests are relatively cheap to
                  compute, the columns that correspond to them are always filled in, even though they are not displayed when you specify MSTAT=EXACT.
                  On the other hand, for MSTAT=FAPPROX (which is the default), the column of exact p-values contains missing values and is not displayed.