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| The ROBUSTREG Procedure |
| MM Estimation |
MM estimation is a combination of high-breakdown-value estimation and efficient estimation, which was introduced by Yohai (1987). It has the following three steps:
Compute an initial (consistent) high-breakdown-value estimate
. The ROBUSTREG procedure provides two kinds of estimates as the initial estimate: the LTS estimate and the S estimate. By default, the LTS estimate is used because of its speed and high breakdown value. The breakdown value of the final MM estimate is decided by the breakdown value of the initial LTS estimate and the constant 
in the 
function. To use the S estimate as the initial estimate, you specify the INITEST=S option in the PROC statement. In this case, the breakdown value of the final MM estimate is decided only by the constant . Instead of computing the LTS estimate or the S estimate as the initial estimate, you can also specify the initial estimate explicitly by using the INEST= option in the PROC statement. See the section INEST= Data Set for details.Find
such that 
where
. The ROBUSTREG procedure provides two choices for
: Tukey’s bisquare function and Yohai’s optimal function. Tukey’s bisquare function, which you can specify with the option CHIF=TUKEY, is
where
can be specified with the K0= option. The default 
is 2.9366 such that the asymptotically consistent scale estimate has the breakdown value of 
. Yohai’s optimal function, which you can specify with the option CHIF=YOHAI, is
where
, 
, 
, 
, and 
. You can specify with the K0= option. The default is 0.7405 such that the asymptotically consistent scale estimate has the breakdown value of . Find a local minimum
of 
such that
. The algorithm for M estimation is used here. The ROBUSTREG procedure provides two choices for
: Tukey’s bisquare function and Yohai’s optimal function. Tukey’s bisquare function, which you can specify with the option CHIF=TUKEY, is
where
can be specified with the K1= option. The default is 3.440 such that the MM estimate has 
asymptotic efficiency with the Gaussian distribution. Yohai’s optimal function, which you can specify with the option CHIF=YOHAI, is
where
can be specified with the K1= option. The default is 0.868 such that the MM estimate has asymptotic efficiency with the Gaussian distribution.
Algorithm
The initial LTS estimate is computed using the algorithm described in the section LTS Estimate. You can control the quantile of the LTS estimate with the option INITH=
, where is an integer between 
and 
. By default, 
, which corresponds to a breakdown value of around .
The initial S estimate is computed using the algorithm described in the section S Estimate. You can control the breakdown value and efficiency of this initial S estimate by the constant , which can be specified with the K0 option.
The scale parameter 
is solved by an iterative algorithm
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where 
.
Once the scale parameter is computed, the iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) algorithm with fixed scale parameter is used to compute the final MM estimate.
Convergence Criteria
In the iterative algorithm for the scale parameter, the relative change of the scale parameter controls the convergence.
In the iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm, the same convergence criteria for the M estimate used before are used here.
Bias Test
Although the final MM estimate inherits the high-breakdown-value property, its bias due to the distortion of the outliers can be high. Yohai, Stahel, and Zamar (1991) introduced a bias test. The ROBUSTREG procedure implements this test when you specify the BIASTEST option in the PROC statement. This test is based on the initial scale estimate and the final scale estimate 
, which is the solution of
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Let 
and 
. Compute
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Let
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Standard asymptotic theory shows that 
approximately follows a 
distribution with 
degrees of freedom. If exceeds the 
quantile 
of the distribution with degrees of freedom, then the ROBUSTREG procedure gives a warning and recommends that you use other methods. Otherwise, the final MM estimate and the initial scale estimate are reported. You can specify with the ALPHA= option following the BIASTEST option. By default, ALPHA=0.99.
Asymptotic Covariance and Confidence Intervals
Since the MM estimate is computed as a M estimate with a fixed scale in the last step, the asymptotic covariance for the M estimate can be used here for the asymptotic covariance of the MM estimate. Besides the three estimators H1, H2, and H3 as described in the section Asymptotic Covariance and Confidence Intervals, a weighted covariance estimator H4 is available. H4 is calculated as
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where 
is the correction factor and 
, 
.
You can specify these estimators with the option ASYMPCOV= [H1 | H2 | H3 | H4]. The ROBUSTREG procedure uses H4 as the default. Confidence intervals for estimated parameters are computed from the diagonal elements of the estimated asymptotic covariance matrix.
R Square and Deviance
The robust version of R-square for the MM estimate is defined as
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and the robust deviance is defined as the optimal value of the objective function on the 
scale,
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where 
, 
is the MM estimator of 
, 
is the MM estimator of location, and 
is the MM estimator of the scale parameter in the full model.
Linear Tests
For MM estimation, the same test and 
test used for M estimation can be used. See the section Linear Tests for details.
Model Selection
For MM estimation, the same two model selection methods used for M estimation can be used. See the section Model Selection for details.
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