PROC NLMIXED operates under the following general framework for nonlinear mixed models. Assume that you have an observed data vector for each of subjects, . The are assumed to be independent across , but within-subject covariance is likely to exist because each of the elements of is measured on the same subject. As a statistical mechanism for modeling this within-subject covariance, assume that there exist latent random-effect vectors of small dimension (typically one or two) that are also independent across . Assume also that an appropriate model linking and exists, leading to the joint probability density function

where is a matrix of observed explanatory variables and and are vectors of unknown parameters.

Let and assume that it is of dimension . Then inferences about are based on the marginal likelihood function

In particular, the function

is minimized over numerically in order to estimate , and the inverse Hessian (second derivative) matrix at the estimates provides an approximate variance-covariance matrix for the estimate of . The function is referred to both as the negative log likelihood function and as the objective function for optimization.

As an example of the preceding general framework, consider the nonlinear growth curve example in the section Getting Started: NLMIXED Procedure. Here, the conditional distribution is normal with mean

and variance ; thus . Also, is a scalar and is normal with mean 0 and variance ; thus .

The following additional notation is also found in this chapter. The quantity refers to the parameter vector at the th iteration, the vector refers to the gradient vector , and the matrix refers to the Hessian . Other symbols are used to denote various constants or option values.