Traditional Graphics in the IML Procedure


Example 17.1 Scatter Plot Matrix

With the viewport capability of the PROC IML graphics subroutine, you can arrange several graphs on a page. In this example, multiple graphs are generated from three variables and are displayed in a scatterplot matrix. For each variable, one contour plot is generated with each of the other variables as the dependent variable. For the graphs on the main diagonal, a box-and-whiskers plot is generated for each variable.

This example takes advantage of user-defined PROC IML modules:

BOXWHSKR

computes median and quartiles.

GBXWHSKR

draws box-and-whiskers plots.

CONTOUR

generates confidence ellipses assuming bivariate normal data.

GCONTOUR

draws the confidence ellipses for each pair of variables.

GSCATMAT

produces the $n \times n$ scatter plot matrix, where n is the number of variables.

The code for the five modules and a sample data set follow. The modules produce Output 17.1.1 and Output 17.1.2.

   /* This program generates a data set and uses iml graphics     */
   /* subsystem to draw a scatterplot matrix.                     */
   data factory;
     input recno prod temp a defect mon;
     datalines;
       1   1.82675    71.124   1.12404   1.79845         2
       2   1.67179   70.9245  0.924523   1.05246         3
       3   2.22397    71.507   1.50696   2.36035         4
       4   2.39049   74.8912   4.89122   1.93917         5
       5   2.45503   73.5338   3.53382    2.0664         6
       6   1.68758   71.6764   1.67642   1.90495         7
       7   1.98233   72.4222   2.42221   1.65469         8
       8   1.17144   74.0884   4.08839   1.91366         9
       9   1.32697   71.7609   1.76087   1.21824        10
      10   1.86376   70.3978  0.397753   1.21775        11
      11   1.25541    74.888   4.88795   1.87875        12
      12   1.17617   73.3528   3.35277   1.15393         1
      13   2.38103   77.1762   7.17619   2.26703         2
      14   1.13669   73.0157   3.01566         1         3
      15   1.01569   70.4645  0.464485         1         4
      16   2.36641   74.1699   4.16991   1.73009         5
      17   2.27131   73.1005   3.10048   1.79657         6
      18   1.80597   72.6299   2.62986    1.8497         7
      19   2.41142   81.1973   11.1973     2.137         8
      20   1.69218   71.4521   1.45212   1.47894         9
      21   1.95271   74.8427    4.8427   1.93493        10
      22   1.28452   76.7901   6.79008   2.09208        11
      23   1.51663   83.4782   13.4782   1.81162        12
      24   1.34177   73.4237   3.42369   1.57054         1
      25   1.4309    70.7504  0.750369   1.22444         2
      26   1.84851   72.9226   2.92256   2.04468         3
      27   2.08114   78.4248   8.42476   1.78175         4
      28   1.99175   71.0635   1.06346   1.25951         5
      29   2.01235   72.2634    2.2634   1.36943         6
      30   2.38742   74.2037   4.20372   1.82846         7
      31   1.28055   71.2495   1.24953    1.8286         8
      32   2.05698   76.0557   6.05571   2.03548         9
      33   1.05429    77.721   7.72096   1.57831        10
      34   2.15398   70.8861  0.886068    2.1353        11
      35   2.46624   70.9682  0.968163   2.26856        12
      36   1.4406    73.5243   3.52429   1.72608         1
      37   1.71475    71.527   1.52703   1.72932         2
      38   1.51423   78.5824    8.5824   1.97685         3
      39   2.41538   73.7909   3.79093   2.07129         4
      40   2.28402    71.131   1.13101   2.25293         5
      41   1.70251   72.3616   2.36156   2.04926         6
      42   1.19747   72.3894    2.3894         1         7
      43   1.08089   71.1729   1.17288         1         8
      44   2.21695   72.5905   2.59049   1.50915         9
      45   1.52717   71.1402   1.14023   1.88717        10
      46   1.5463    74.6696   4.66958   1.25725        11
      47   2.34151        90        20   3.57864        12
      48   1.10737   71.1989   1.19893   1.62447         1
      49   2.2491    76.6415   6.64147   2.50868         2
      50   1.76659   71.7038   1.70377     1.231         3
      51   1.25174   76.9657   6.96572   1.99521         4
      52   1.81153   73.0722   3.07225   2.15915         5
      53   1.72942   71.9639   1.96392   1.86142         6
      54   2.17748   78.1207   8.12068   2.54388         7
      55   1.29186   77.0589   7.05886   1.82777         8
      56   1.92399   72.6126   2.61256   1.32816         9
      57   1.38008   70.8872  0.887228   1.37826        10
      58   1.96143   73.8529   3.85289   1.87809        11
      59   1.61795   74.6957   4.69565   1.65806        12
      60   2.02756   75.7877   5.78773   1.72684         1
      61   2.41378   75.9826   5.98255   2.76309         2
      62   1.41413   71.3419   1.34194   1.75285         3
      63   2.31185   72.5469   2.54685   2.27947         4
      64   1.94336   71.5592   1.55922   1.96157         5
      65   2.094     74.7338   4.73385   2.07885         6
      66   1.19458    72.233   2.23301         1         7
      67   2.13118   79.1225    9.1225   1.84193         8
      68   1.48076   87.0511   17.0511   2.94927         9
      69   1.98502   79.0913   9.09131   2.47104        10
      70   2.25937   73.8232   3.82322   2.49798        12
      71   1.18744   70.6821  0.682067    1.2848         1
      72   1.20189   70.7053  0.705311   1.33293         2
      73   1.69115   73.9781    3.9781   1.87517         3
      74   1.0556   73.2146   3.21459         1          4
      75   1.59936   71.4165   1.41653   1.29695         5
      76   1.66044   70.7151  0.715145   1.22362         6
      77   1.79167   74.8072   4.80722   1.86081         7
      78   2.30484   71.5028   1.50285   1.60626         8
      79   2.49073   71.5908   1.59084   1.80815         9
      80   1.32729   70.9077  0.907698   1.12889        10
      81   2.48874   83.0079   13.0079   2.59237        11
      82   2.46786   84.1806   14.1806   3.35518        12
      83   2.12407   73.5826   3.58261   1.98482         1
      84   2.46982   76.6556   6.65559   2.48936         2
      85   1.00777   70.2504  0.250364         1         3
      86   1.93118   73.9276   3.92763   1.84407         4
      87   1.00017   72.6359   2.63594    1.3882         5
      88   1.90622    71.047     1.047    1.7595         6
      89   2.43744    72.321   2.32097   1.67244         7
      90   1.25712        90        20   2.63949         8
      91   1.10811   71.8299   1.82987         1         9
      92   2.25545   71.8849    1.8849   1.94247        10
      93   2.47971   73.4697    3.4697   1.87842        11
      94   1.93378   74.2952    4.2952   1.52478        12
      95   2.17525   73.0547   3.05466   2.23563         1
      96   2.18723   70.8299  0.829929   1.75177         2
      97   1.69984   72.0026   2.00263   1.45564         3
      98   1.12504   70.4229  0.422904   1.06042         4
      99   2.41723   73.7324   3.73238   2.18307         5
   ;

   proc iml;
      call gstart;        /*-- Load graphics --*/
      /*--------------------*/
      /*-- Define modules --*/
      /*--------------------*/

      /*   Module : compute contours   */
      /*   This routine computes contours for a scatter plot         */
      /*   c returns the contours as consecutive pairs of columns    */
      /*   x and y are the x and y coordinates of the points         */
      /*   npoints is the number of points in a contour              */
      /*   pvalues is a column vector of contour probabilities       */
      /*   the number of contours is controlled by the ncol(pvalue)  */
      start contour(c,x,y,npoints,pvalues);
         xx=x||y;
         n=nrow(x);
      /* Correct for the mean */
         mean=mean(xx);
         xx=xx-mean;

      /* Find principal axes of ellipses */
         xx=xx` *xx/n;
         call eigen(v,e,xx);

      /* Set contour levels */
         c=-2*log(1-pvalues);
         a=sqrt(c*v[1]); b=sqrt(c*v[2]);

      /* Parameterize the ellipse by angle */
         t=((1:npoints)-{1})#atan(1)#8/(npoints-1);
         s=sin(t);
         t=cos(t);
         s=s` *a;
         t=t` *b;

      /* Form contour points */
         s=((e*(shape(s,1)//shape(t,1)))+mean`@j(1,npoints*ncol(c),1))`;
         c=shape(s,npoints);   /* Returned as ncol pairs of columns */
      finish contour;

      /*-- Module : draw contour curves --*/
      start gcontour(t1, t2);
         run contour(t12, t1, t2, 30, {.5 .8 .9});
         window=(min(t12[,{1 3}],t1)||min(t12[,{2 4}],t2))//
                (max(t12[,{1 3}],t1)||max(t12[,{2 4}],t2));
         call gwindow(window);
         call gdraw(t12[,1],t12[,2],,'blue');
         call gdraw(t12[,3],t12[,4],,'blue');
         call gdraw(t12[,5],t12[,6],,'blue');
         call gpoint(t1,t2,,'red');
      finish gcontour;

      /*-- Module : find median, quartiles for box and whisker plot --*/
      start boxwhskr(x, u, q2, m, q1, l);
         rx=rank(x);
         s=x;
         s[rx,]=x;
         n=nrow(x);

      /*-- Median --*/
         m=floor(((n+1)/2)||((n+2)/2));
         m=(s[m,])[+,]/2;

      /*-- Compute quartiles --*/
         q1=floor(((n+3)/4)||((n+6)/4));
         q1=(s[q1,])[+,]/2;
         q2=ceil(((3*n+1)/4)||((3*n-2)/4));
         q2=(s[q2,])[+,]/2;
         h=1.5*(q2-q1);   /*-- step=1.5*(interquartile range) --*/
         u=q2+h;
         l=q1-h;
         u=(u>s)[+,];     /*-- adjacent values -----------------*/
         u=s[u,];
         l=(l>s)[+,];
         l=s[l+1,];

      finish boxwhskr;

      /*-- Box and Whisker plot --*/
      start gbxwhskr(t, ht);
         run boxwhskr(t, up, q2,med, q1, lo);

      /*---Adjust screen viewport and data window  */
         y=min(t)//max(t);
         call gwindow({0, 100} || y);
         mid  = 50;
         wlen = 20;

      /*-- Add whiskers */
         wstart=mid-(wlen/2);
         from=(wstart||up)//(wstart||lo);
         to=((wstart//wstart)+wlen)||from[,2];

      /*-- Add box  */
         len=50;
         wstart=mid-(len/2);
         wstop=wstart+len;
         from=from//(wstart||q2)//(wstart||q1)//
              (wstart||q2)//(wstop||q2);
         to=to//(wstop||q2)//(wstop||q1)//
              (wstart||q1)//(wstop||q1);

      /*---Add median line  */
         from=from//(wstart||med);
         to=to//(wstop||med);

      /*---Attach whiskers to box  */
         from=from//(mid||up)//(mid||lo);
         to=to//(mid||q2)//(mid||q1);

      /*-- Draw box and whiskers  */
         call gdrawl(from, to,,'red');

      /*---Add minimum and maximum data points */
         call gpoint(mid, y ,3,'red');

      /*---Label min, max, and mean  */
         y=med//y;
         s={'med' 'min' 'max'};
         call gset("font","swiss");
         call gset('height',13);
         call gscript(wstop+ht, y, char(y,5,2),,,,,'blue');
         call gstrlen(len, s);
         call gscript(wstart-len-ht,y,s,,,,,'blue');
         call gset('height');
      finish gbxwhskr;

      /*-- Module : do scatter plot matrix --*/
      start gscatmat(data, vname);
         call gopen('scatter');
         nv=ncol(vname);
         if (nv=1) then nv=nrow(vname);
         cellwid=int(90/nv);
         dist=0.1*cellwid;
         width=cellwid-2*dist;
         xstart=int((90 -cellwid * nv)/2) + 5;
         xgrid=((0:nv)#cellwid + xstart)`;

      /*-- Delineate cells --*/
         cell1=xgrid;
         cell1=cell1||(cell1[nv+1]//cell1[nv+1-(0:nv-1)]);
         cell2=j(nv+1, 1, xstart);
         cell2=cell1[,1]||cell2;
         call gdrawl(cell1, cell2);
         call gdrawl(cell1[,{2 1}], cell2[,{2 1}]);
         xstart = xstart + dist;  ystart = xgrid[nv] + dist;

      /*-- Label variables ---*/
         call gset("height", 5);
         call gset("font","swiss");
         call gstrlen(len, vname);
         where=xgrid[1:nv] + (cellwid-len)/2;
         call gscript(where, 0, vname) ;
         len=len[nv-(0:nv-1)];
         where=xgrid[1:nv] + (cellwid-len)/2;
         call gscript(4,where, vname[nv - (0:nv-1)],90);

      /*-- First viewport --*/
         vp=(xstart || ystart)//((xstart || ystart) + width) ;

      /*  Since the characters are scaled to the viewport      */
      /*   (which is inversely porportional to the             */
      /*   number of variables),                               */
      /*   enlarge it proportional to the number of variables  */

         ht=2*nv;
         call gset("height", ht);
         do i=1 to nv;
            do j=1 to i;
               call gportstk(vp);
               if (i=j) then run gbxwhskr(data[,i], ht);
               else run gcontour(data[,j], data[,i]);
         /*-- onto the next viewport --*/
               vp[,1] = vp[,1] + cellwid;
               call gportpop;
            end;
            vp=(xstart // xstart + width) || (vp[,2] - cellwid);
         end;
         call gshow;
   finish gscatmat;

      /*-- Placement of text is based on the character height.       */
      /* The IML modules defined here assume percent as the unit of  */
      /* character height for device independent control.            */
   goptions gunit=pct;

   use factory;
   vname={prod, temp, defect};
   read all var vname into xyz;
   run gscatmat(xyz, vname[1:2]);   /*-- 2 x 2 scatter plot matrix --*/
   run gscatmat(xyz, vname);        /*-- 3 x 3 scatter plot matrix --*/
   quit;

   goptions gunit=cell;             /*-- reset back to default --*/

Output 17.1.1: $2 \times 2$ Scatter Plot Matrix

2 ×2 Scatter Plot Matrix


Output 17.1.2: $3 \times 3$ Scatter Plot Matrix

3 ×3 Scatter Plot Matrix