Introduction to SAS Files

SAS Data Sets (Member Type: Data or View)

SAS Stored Compiled DATA Step Programs (Member Type: Program)

Access Descriptor Files (Member Type: Access)

What Is a SAS File?

SAS creates and uses a variety of specially structured files called SAS files. Although Windows manages the file for SAS by storing it, the operating system cannot process it. For example, you can list SAS files with the Windows Explorer, but SAS files must be processed by SAS. SAS files are different from external files. External files can be processed by SAS statements and commands, they are not managed by SAS.

SAS files usually reside in SAS libraries. Under Windows, a SAS library is a named collection of SAS files within one or more Windows folders that SAS can access. The first time a file is accessed in the library, a SAS/ACCESS engine is associated with the library. The engine name specifies the access method that SAS uses to process the files in the library. SAS libraries are described in detail in SAS Language Reference: Concepts.

The various engines enable SAS to access different formats or versions of SAS files and other vendors' files. For this reason, SAS is said to have Multi Engine Architecture. Multi Engine Architecture, combined with conversion utilities, provides access to SAS 9.4 files and SAS files created with previous releases of SAS (back to Version 5), whether they were created under Windows or other operating systems. Multi Engine Architecture also provides access to files created by other vendors' products, including database files.

The following sections highlight information that you need in order to create and use SAS files with the various engines under Windows.

File Extensions for SAS Files

SAS files are stored in SAS libraries and are referred to as members of a library. Each member has a member type. SAS distinguishes between SAS files and external Windows files in a folder by using unique file extensions. SAS assigns certain file extensions to a general set of SAS member types. The following table lists the Windows file extensions and their corresponding SAS member types for the V6, V7, V8, and V9 engines. For more information about engines, see Multi Engine Architecture . For more information about processing files from previous releases, see Using SAS Files from Other Versions with SAS 9.4 for Windows .

Windows File Extensions and Their Corresponding SAS Member Types
V6 File Extension	V7 and Beyond File Extensions	Short Extensions	SAS Member Type	Description
.sas	.sas	none	none	SAS program
.ss2	.sas7bpgm	ss7	Program	stored program (DATA step)
	.cfg (Version 8 and beyond)	none	none	configuration file
.lst	.lst	none	none	output file
.log	.log	none	none	log file
none	.sas7baud	st7	Audit	audit file
.sd2	.sas7bdat	sd7	Data	data set
.sv2	.sas7bvew	sv7	View	data set view
.si2	.sas7bndx	si7	Index	data set index. Indexes are stored as separate files but are treated by SAS as integral parts of the SAS data file.
.sc2	.sas7bcat	sc7	Catalog	SAS catalog
.sa2	.sas7bacs	sa7	Access	access descriptor file
.sf2	.sas7bfdb	sf7	FDB	consolidation database file
.sm2	.sas7bmdb	sm7	MDDB	multi-dimensional database file
none	.sas7bdmd	s7m	DMDB	data mining database file
none	.sas7bitm	sr7	ITEMSTOR	item store file
.su2	.sas7butl	su7	Utility	utility file
.sp2	.sas7bput	sp7	PUtility	permanent utility
.stx	none	none	none	transport file
none	.sas7bbak	none	none	backup file
	.spds9 (Version 9 and Beyond)	sp9	multiple	SAS SPD Engine component files and SAS SPD Server files

CAUTION:

Do not change the file extension of a SAS file; doing so can cause unpredictable results.

The file extensions assigned by SAS to SAS files are an integral part of how SAS accesses these files. Also, you should not change the filename of a SAS file using operating system commands. If you want to change the name of a SAS file, use the DATASETS procedure or select the file in the SAS Explorer window or the My Favorite Folders window and select Edit

Rename.

Note: Do not delete files from your Work and Sasuser libraries during your SAS session. SAS creates temporary utility files that you do not need to access directly but that are necessary for processing SAS data. If your SAS session ends abnormally, you might need to delete files outside SAS in order to regain disk space. You can delete files in the Work library by using the WORKINIT and WORKTERM system options when you start SAS. For more information, see WORKINIT System Option in SAS System Options: Reference and WORKTERM System Option in SAS System Options: Reference.

SAS Data Sets (Member Type: Data or View)

SAS data set is an umbrella term for SAS data files and SAS data views, which are both discussed here. This section provides a brief overview of the concept of SAS data sets. For complete details, see the data sets section in SAS Language Reference: Concepts.

Logically, a SAS data set consists of two types of information: descriptor information and data values. The descriptor information includes such things as data set name, data set type, data set label, and number of variables, as well as the names and labels of the variables in the data set, their types (character or numeric), their length, their position within a record, and their formats. You can use the CONTENTS Procedure: Windows to access descriptor information.

The data values contain values for the variables. A SAS data set can be visualized as a table consisting of rows of observations and columns of variable values. The following table illustrates the SAS data set model.

SAS Data Set Model

You can think of extended attributes as customized metadata for your SAS files. Whereas common SAS attributes are predefined SAS system attributes, you can define extended attributes yourself. The DATA step preserves extended attributes from input data sets to output data sets. When it is saved on disk, this data set has a new extension .sas7bxat. You can create, add, delete, update, remove, and specify options for extended attributes using various XATTR statements in the DATASETS procedure. You can also use PROC CONTENTS to display data set and variable extended attributes. For more information see SAS Language Reference: Concepts.

SAS data files (member type: Data)

The SAS data file is probably the most frequently used type of SAS file. SAS data files have a SAS member type of Data and are created in the DATA step and by certain SAS procedures such as the RANK procedure in Base SAS software. SAS data files have a file extension of .sas7bdat.

SAS defines two types of SAS data files, native and interface. Native data files store data values and descriptor information, as described earlier, in files formatted by SAS. These files are the SAS data sets you might be familiar with from previous versions of SAS under other operating s. In SAS under Windows, native SAS data files can be indexed. The index is an auxiliary file that you create to provide fast access to records within a SAS data file through a variable or key. Indexes are stored as separate files but are treated by SAS as integral parts of the SAS data file. To learn more about indexes, see SAS Language Reference: Concepts.

The second type of data file is the interface SAS data file. These files store data in a file formatted by other software. Examples of interface SAS data files are BMDP, OSIRIS, and SPSS files, which SAS can access as read-only files. For more information, see Reading BMDP, OSIRIS, and SPSS Files .

SAS data views (member type: View)

SAS data views have a member type of View. They describe data values and tell SAS where to find the values, but they do not contain the actual data values themselves. SAS data views have a file extension of .sas7bvew.

Views can be native or interface. A native SAS data view is created with the SQL procedure or with the DATA step and describes a subset or combination of the data in one or more SAS data files or SAS data views. For information about SQL views, see the Base SAS Procedures Guide. For information about DATA step views, see SAS Language Reference: Concepts.

Interface SAS data views contain descriptor information for data formatted by other software products (for example, a database management system). You access database views using the SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME statement. For more information, see SAS/ACCESS Interface to PC Files: Reference and SAS/ACCESS for Relational Databases: Reference.

SAS Catalogs (Member Type: Catalog)

A SAS catalog is a special type of SAS file that can contain multiple entries. You can keep different types of entries in the same SAS catalog. An example of this action is the Sasuser.Profile catalog contains function key definitions, fonts for graphic applications, some of your selections from the Preferences dialog box, and other information from interactive windowing procedures. SAS catalogs have a file extension of .sas7bcat.

SAS Stored Compiled DATA Step Programs (Member Type: Program)

A stored compiled DATA step program is a SAS file that contains a DATA step program that has been compiled and then stored in a SAS library. You can execute compiled DATA step programs as needed, without having to recompile them. SAS stored compiled DATA step programs have a file extension of .sas7bpgm.

Stored compiled programs are available for DATA step applications only. Your stored programs can contain all SAS language elements except global statements. If you include global statements in your source program, SAS stores the compiled program but not the global statements, and does not display a warning message in the SAS log.

For more information about this type of SAS file, see SAS Language Reference: Concepts.

Access Descriptor Files (Member Type: Access)

Descriptor files created by the SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME statement have a member type of ACCESS and are used when creating interface SAS data views. Descriptor files describe the data formatted by other software products supported by SAS. For more information, see SAS/ACCESS for Relational Databases: Reference , SAS/ACCESS Interface to PC Files: Reference, and other available SAS/ACCESS documentation.