Glossary
- American Standard Code for Information Interchange
- See ASCII.
- ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
- a 7-bit encoding standard that provides a basic
set of 128 characters, supporting a variety of computer systems. ASCII
encodes the uppercase and lowercase letters of the English alphabet,
punctuation marks, the digits 0-9, and control characters. This set
of 128 characters is also included in most other encodings. See also EBCDIC.
- ASCII collating sequence
- the rules that are used by a specific ASCII encoding
for sorting textual data. Sort order is determined by the location
of each code point in the code page of an ASCII encoding. In the Windows
Latin1 code page, the sort order of precedence is punctuation characters,
numbers, uppercase characters, and lowercase characters. Because the
uppercase A (code point 41) precedes the lowercase g (code point 67),
A is sorted before g.
- autocall macro
- a macro whose uncompiled source code and text
are stored in an autocall macro library. Unlike a stored compiled
macro, an autocall macro is compiled before execution the first time
it is called.
- AUTOEXEC.SAS
- a file containing SAS statements that are executed
automatically when SAS is invoked. The autoexec file can be used to
specify some SAS system options, as well as to assign librefs and
filerefs to folders or directories that are used frequently.
- automatic macro variable
- a macro variable that is defined by SAS rather
than by the user and that supplies information about the SAS session.
For example, the SYSPROCESSID automatic macro variable contains the
process ID of the current SAS process.
- AWS
- See SAS application workspace.
- batch file
- a file that contains operating-system commands,
which are processed sequentially when the file is executed.
- batch mode
- a noninteractive method of running SAS programs
by which a file (containing SAS statements along with any necessary
operating system commands) is submitted to the batch queue of the
operating environment for execution.
- binary
- the name of the base 2 number system. A binary
digit can have one of two values: 0 or 1. A binary digit is called
a bit and is considered to be off when its value is 0 and on when
its value is 1. See also binary file.
- binary file
- a file that is stored in binary format, which
cannot be edited using a text editor. Binary files are usually executable,
but they can contain only data.
- cache
- a small, fast memory area that holds recently
accessed data. The cache is designed to speed up subsequent access
to the same data.
- central processing unit
- See CPU.
- character constant (character literal)
- a character string that is enclosed in quotation
marks in a SAS statement to indicate a fixed value rather than the
name of a variable. The maximum number of characters that is allowed
is 32,767. Character constants are sometimes referred to as character
literals. See also character string.
- character encoding
- a mapping of an abstract character repertoire
to a set of numeric values. Character encodings are used in computation,
data storage, and transmission of textual data. A character encoding
includes national characters, special characters, the digits 0-9,
and control characters.
- character literal
- See character constant.
- character string (text string, string)
- one or more consecutive alphanumeric characters,
other keyboard characters, or both. See also character constant.
- character value
- a value that can contain alphabetic characters,
the numeric characters 0 through 9, and other special characters.
- class
- a template for an object. A class includes data
that describes the object's characteristics (such as attributes
or instance variables), as well as the operations (methods) that the
object can perform. See also subclassing, object.
- clipboard
- a temporary storage place for data that is being
passed from one application to another. For example, in Windows operating
environments, you can use the clipboard to pass information between
Excel and your SAS session.
- command prompt
- the symbol after which you enter operating system
commands.
- component
- a self-contained, reusable programming object
that provides some type of service to other components in an object-oriented
programming environment.
- CONFIG.SYS
- a system file that contains DOS configuration
commands that specify the properties of the operating system, including
device drivers, file-handling elements, and memory-management options.
- configuration file
- an external file containing the SAS system options
that define the environment in which to run SAS. These system options
take effect each time you invoke SAS.
- Control Panel
- under Windows, an application that enables you
to specify characteristics of your Windows session, such as mouse
tracking speed and the color of the title bar.
- conventional memory
- in servers that are running 32-bit operating systems,
the first 4 gigabytes of main memory. In servers that are running
64-bit operating systems, all of the main memory is conventional memory.
- CPU (central processing unit)
- the main hardware component of a computer. The
CPU executes program instructions and controls the operation of other
parts of the computer.
- CPU time
- the amount of time it takes for the central processing
unit of a computer system to perform the calculations or other operations
that you request.
- current folder
- the folder to which commands and actions apply
when you execute an application.
- DCOM
- See Distributed Component Object Model.
- DDE
- See Dynamic Data Exchange.
- device driver
- a program that controls the interaction between
a computer and an external device such as a printer or a disk drive.
- directory
- a named subdivision on a computer disk, used in
organizing files and often represented by a folder icon.
- Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)
- an extension to the Component Object Model (COM)
that enables components to request services from components that are
on other computers in a network. See also component.
- DLL (dynamic link library)
- a collection of executable program modules that
are loaded at run time as needed.
- docking view
- a view of the main SAS window in which one or
more windows, such as the Explorer and Results windows, are integrated
with the left side of the main SAS window.
- DOS
- a disk operating system for personal computers.
In SAS documentation, the acronym DOS refers specifically to MS-DOS,
the Microsoft disk operating system, which was developed by Microsoft
for IBM.
- Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)
- a standard mechanism in the PC environment for
sharing data among applications.
- dynamic link library
- See DLL.
- EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
- a family of single-byte and multi-byte encodings
for the representation of data on IBM mainframe and mid-range computers. See also ASCII.
- encoding
- a mapping of a coded character set to code values.
- Enhanced Editor
- an ASCII text editor that provides features such
as color coding and code sections to help SAS users write and debug
SAS programs. The Enhanced Editor also provides familiar features
of the SAS Program Editor.
- environment variable
- a variable that equates one character string to
another, and that can be used in a particular environment.
- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
- See EBCDIC.
- extended memory
- See extended server memory.
- extended server memory (extended memory)
- on a server that is running a 32-bit operating
system, the part of main memory that exceeds the 4 gigabytes of conventional
memory. See also conventional memory.
- external file
- a file that is created and maintained by a host
operating system or by another vendor's software application.
An external file contains both data and stored SAS statements.
- fatal error
- an error that causes a program to end abnormally
or that prevents the program from starting.
- file extension
- the classification of a file in a directory that
identifies what type of information is stored in the file. For example,
.sas7bcat is the file extension for UNIX, and .pdf is the file extension
for Adobe Acrobat.
- filename
- the identifier that is used for a file. The filename
includes the file extension, as in PROFILE.SC2.
- font
- a typeface with a specific character shape, spacing,
weight, and size. The characters in a font can be figures, symbols,
or alphanumeric.
- graphical user interface (GUI)
- any system that uses graphical objects such as
windows, menus, icons, buttons, and check boxes to represent the functions
of a software application and to enable the user to interact with
the application. By contrast, a command-line interface requires users
to interact with the software application by entering text. Many graphical
user interfaces use visual metaphors for real-world objects such as
file cabinets, folders, rulers, and scissors.
- GUI
- See graphical user interface.
- host option
- in a SAS statement, an option that is specific
to a particular operating environment.
- HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
- a coding system in which the codes indicate the
layout and style of the text in a text file. Other HTML codes enable
you to embed electronic objects such as images, sounds, video streams,
and applets (small software applications) into HTML documents. All
web browsers can process HTML documents.
- HyperText Markup Language
- See HTML.
- library member
- any of several types of SAS file in a SAS library.
A library member can be a data set, a view, a catalog, a stored program,
or an access descriptor.
- library reference
- See libref.
- libref (library reference)
- a SAS name that is associated with the location
of a SAS library. For example, in the name MYLIB.MYFILE, MYLIB is
the libref, and MYFILE is a file in the SAS library.
- logical name
- a reference to a SAS library or an operating environment
resource whose representation varies according to the operating environment.
Examples are the SAS library named Work and an output device such
as a disk or a tape file.
- member name
- a name that is assigned to a SAS file in a SAS
library.
- memory
- the size of the work area that the central processing
unit (CPU) must devote to the operations in a program.
- memory-based library
- a SAS library that is stored either in conventional
memory or in extended server memory (rather than on a data storage
device) for the duration of a SAS session or job. See also conventional memory, extended server memory.
- named pipe
- a named object that provides client-to-server,
server-to-client, or duplex communication between unrelated processes.
You can use named pipes to establish communication between Windows
applications, including multiple SAS sessions.
- national character
- a character that is specific to a language as
it is written in a nation or group of nations. For example, the letter
“n” with a tilde (ñ) is a Spanish national character.
- network
- an interconnected group of computers.
- NT file system (NTFS)
- an advanced system for organizing directories
and files. NTFS supports long filenames, full security access control,
file system recovery, and extremely large storage media.
- NTFS
- See NT file system.
- object
- an entity that can be manipulated by the commands
of a programming language. In object-oriented programming, an object
is a compilation of attributes (object elements) and behaviors (methods)
that describe an entity. Unlike simple data types that are single
pieces of information (for example, int=10), objects are complex and
must be constructed.
- Object Linking and Embedding
- See OLE.
- ODBC
- See Open Database Connectivity.
- ODBC driver
- a loadable library module that provides a standardized
interface for accessing, manipulating, and updating data that is created
and maintained by a particular vendor's data management software.
For example, the SAS(c) Drivers for ODBC enable you to access, manipulate,
and update SAS data sources from any application that conforms to
the ODBC standard. See also Open Database Connectivity.
- ODS
- See Output Delivery System.
- OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)
- a method of interprocess communication supported
by Windows that involves a client/server architecture. OLE enables
an object that was created by one application to be embedded in or
linked to another application.
- Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
- an interface standard that provides a common application
programming interface (API) for accessing data. Many software products
that run in the Windows operating environment adhere to this standard
so that you can access data that was created using other software
products.
- Output Delivery System (ODS)
- a component of SAS software that can produce output
in a variety of formats such as markup languages (HTML, XML), PDF,
listing, RTF, PostScript, and SAS data sets.
- pathname
- a hierarchical sequence of directories, usually
ending in a filename, by which an application or a person can navigate
to find a file. A pathname can be absolute (that is, a complete address
within the system) or relative (that is, a position in relation to
another part of the system).
- PCL
- See Printer Command Language.
- PID
- See process ID.
- pipe
- See unnamed pipe.
- portable
- an attribute of a program that enables it to execute
in an operating environment other than the one for which it was written.
- Printer Command Language (PCL)
- a command language that was developed by Hewlett-Packard
for controlling Hewlett-Packard printers. Each PCL command consists
of an escape key followed by a series of code numbers. Different versions
of PCL have been developed for use with different models or types
of Hewlett-Packard printers.
- process ID (PID)
- a unique number that is assigned to each process
by the operating system.
- Profile catalog
- See Sasuser.Profile catalog.
- SAS application workspace (AWS, SAS AWS)
- a window that contains other windows (child windows)
or from which other windows can be invoked, and is not itself a child
of a parent window in the same software application.
- SAS AWS
- See SAS application workspace.
- SAS name
- a name that is assigned to items such as SAS variables
and SAS data sets. For most SAS names, the first character must be
a letter or an underscore. Subsequent characters can be letters, numbers,
or underscores. Blanks and special characters (except the underscore)
are not allowed. However, the VALIDVARNAME= system option determines
what rules apply to SAS variable names. The maximum length of a SAS
name depends on the language element that it is assigned to.
- SAS system option (system option)
- a type of SAS language element that is applied
to any of a number of operations during a SAS session. System options
can control SAS session initialization, SAS interactions with hardware
and software, and input and output processing of SAS files.
- sasroot
- a representation of the name for the directory
or folder in which SAS is installed at a site or a computer.
- Sasuser.Profile catalog (Profile catalog)
- a SAS catalog in which SAS stores information
about attributes of the SAS windowing environment for a particular
user or site. It contains function-key definitions, fonts for graphics
applications, window attributes, and other information that is used
by interactive SAS procedures.
- serial port
- an I/O port (usually employing an RS-232 interface)
through which data are transmitted one bit at a time. Most plotters
and some laser printers are connected to the host computer via a serial
port.
- server
- software that provides either resources or services
to requesting clients, possibly over a network.
- signature line
- in the Enhanced Editor, a line of SAS code in
which a step keyword (DATA, PROC, or MACRO) appears.
- SMP (symmetric multiprocessing)
- a type of hardware and software architecture that
can improve the speed of I/O and processing. An SMP machine has multiple
CPUs and a thread-enabled operating system. An SMP machine is usually
configured with multiple controllers and with multiple disk drives
per controller.
- standard input
- the primary source of data going into a command.
Standard input comes from the keyboard unless it is being redirected
from a file or piped from another command.
- standard output
- the primary destination of data coming from a
command. Standard output goes to the display unless it is being redirected
to a file or piped to another command.
- string
- See character string.
- subclassing
- the process of deriving a new class from an existing
class. A new class inherits the characteristics (attributes or instance
variables) and operations (methods) of its parent. It can also possess
custom attributes and methods. See also class.
- swap
- to move data or program code from a computer system's
main memory to a storage device such as a hard disk, or vice versa.
- symmetric multiprocessing
- See SMP.
- system option
- See SAS system option.
- taskbar
- the bar at the bottom of the Windows desktop that
displays active applications. The taskbar enables you to easily switch
between applications and to restore, move, size, minimize, maximize,
and close applications.
- TCP/IP
- an abbreviation for a pair of networking protocols.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a standard protocol for transferring
information on local area networks such as Ethernets. TCP ensures
that process-to-process information is delivered in the appropriate
order. Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol for managing connections
between operating environments. IP routes information through the
network to a particular operating environment and fragments and reassembles
information in transfers.
- text string
- See character string.
- thread
- the smallest unit of processing that can be scheduled
by an operating system.
- title bar
- under Windows, an element of a window that displays
the title of the window. The title bar is at the top of the window
and is highlighted if the window is active.
- toolbar
- in Windows, a part of the SAS windowing environment
that contains icons that you can associate with SAS commands or macros.
Selecting an icon executes its associated command or string of commands.
The toolbar is located in the menu bar area of the main SAS window. See also toolbox.
- toolbox
- a part of the SAS windowing environment in which
you can place icons that you can associate with SAS commands or macros.
Selecting an icon executes its associated command or string of commands.
- tooltip
- descriptive text that appears when a cursor is
placed over certain elements of a graphical user interface, such as
the tool icons in a toolbar.
- Universal Printing
- a feature of SAS software that enables you to
send SAS output to PDF, PostScript, GIF, PNG, SVG, and PCL files,
as well as directly to printers. The Universal Printing system also
provides many options that enable you to customize your output, and
it is available in all of the operating environments that SAS supports.
- unnamed pipe (pipe)
- under UNIX operating systems and derivatives,
the facility that links one command to another so that the standard
output of one becomes the standard input of the other. See also named pipe.
- window bar
- the bar at the bottom of the SAS main window that
includes a button for each SAS window that is open in your current
SAS session. When you select one of the buttons, the window that is
associated with that button becomes the active window and appears
on top of the other windows. You can also right-click on a button
to access a menu that enables you to move, size, minimize, maximize,
or close the associated window, or to access a different menu that
is specific to that window.
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