Glossary
- anti-aliasing
-
a rendering technique for improving the appearance
of text and curved lines in a graph by blurring the jagged edges normally
present. The degree of improvement is relative to the nature of the
graphical content (for example, vertical and horizontal lines do not
benefit from anti-aliasing). Extra processing is required to perform
anti-aliasing.
- attribute bundle
-
a common collection of visual properties associated
with a graphical primitive such as a line, marker, or text. For example,
all lines have visual properties of pattern, thickness, and color.
All markers have visual properties of symbol, size, weight, and color.
Attribute bundles can be associated with style elements in order to
indirectly assign visual properties.
- axis
-
a line that represents the midpoints (for a discrete
axis) or the scale (for a continuous or interval axis) for graphing
variable or data values. An axis typically consists of an axis line
with tick marks, tick values (or midpoint values), and a label.
- axis offset
-
the gaps that normally appear at the ends of an
axis line. The gaps enable markers, bars, and other graphic primitives
that are drawn at extreme data values to be rendered without clipping.
An offset can also be used to add extra space between an axis line
and visual elements in the graph.
- axis threshold
-
a numerical bias from 0 to 1 that determines whether
an extra tick is added at either end of a non-discrete, interval axis.
If the minimum and maximum thresholds are set to 0, then no ticks
are added beyond the actual data range. If both minimum and maximum
thresholds are set to 1, then the data range is completely bounded
by the first and last ticks.
- axis tick mark
-
a short line segment perpendicular to the axis
line. A tick can cross the axis line, or be drawn from the axis inside
or outside the wall.
- axis tick value
-
a formatted data value represented by a tick.
- axis type
-
a keyword denoting axis functionality. For example,
the axis type of interval axes can be LINEAR, TIME, or LOG. The axis
type of a discrete axis is DISCRETE.
- axis viewport
-
the range of values displayed on an interval axis.
This range can be larger or smaller than the actual data range of
the axis. An axis viewport that is larger than the data range effectively
zooms out from the plot or plots. An axis viewport that is smaller
than the data range zooms in on the plot or plots.
- band plot
-
a plot that draws a horizontal band using two
Y values for each X value, or that draws a vertical band using two
X values for each Y value. A band plot is typically used to show confidence,
error, prediction, or control limits. The points on the upper and
lower band boundaries can be joined to create two outlines, or the
area between the boundaries can be filled.
- binned data
-
data that has been summarized or transformed in
some way to facilitate its rendering by a parameterized plot. Continuous
numeric data is typically binned by setting a bin width (interval
size) and then computing the number of bins, or by setting the number
of bins and computing the bin width. A histogram is often used to
represent binned data.
- bins
-
numeric intervals into which continuous numeric
data can be categorized.
- block
-
See statement block.
- block plot
-
a plot that displays one or more rectangles (blocks)
along an axis, where each rectangle identifies a block of consecutive
observations having the same value for a specified block variable.
The first block begins at the start of the axis (mapped to the values
of a specified variable), and represents the first observation s
block value, and continues through consecutive observations having
the same block value. A change in the block variable s value ends
the first block and starts the second, which continues through consecutive
observations until the block value changes again. The last block extends
to the end of the axis.
- category variable
-
a classification variable with a finite number
of distinct (discrete) values. These variables are typically used
to split data into subsets. For example, in a bar chart, each unique
value is displayed as a bar on a DISCRETE axis. In another example,
the variable payment mode can have two values, prepaid and postpaid.
Customers can be classified based on this variable as prepaid customers
and postpaid customers.
- cell
-
in ODS graphics, a distinct rectangular subregion
of a graph that can contain plots, text, or legends.
- cell block
-
a block beginning with a CELL statement and ending
with an ENDCELL statement that defines the graphical content of a
cell. The cell block is available only within a LATTICE layout.
- cell header
-
a graphical element (typically text or a legend)
that is aligned at the top of a cell and provides information about
the cell contents. A cell header is defined within a cell block, which
is available only within a LATTICE layout.
- child block
-
a block that is contained within another block
when two or more blocks are nested. For example, a CELLHEADER block
is always a child of a CELL block.
- class variable
-
See classification variable.
- classification factor
-
See classification variable.
- classification level
-
for a single classification variable, each unique
value is regarded as a classification level. For two or more variables,
a classification level is one of the unique combinations (crossings)
of the unique values of each variable. For example, if three variables
have four, two, and three distinct values, there are 24 classification
levels.
- classification panel
-
a multi-cell graph in which the cell data is driven
by the values of one or more classification variables. The number
of the cells is determined by the unique values of the classification
variables. Each cell of the panel has the same types of plots.
- classification variable
-
a variable whose values are used to group (or
classify) the observations in a data set into different groups that
are meaningful for analysis. A classification variable can have either
character or numeric values. Classification variables include group,
subgroup, category, and BY variables.
- clip
-
to truncate a plot or graphical element (such
as a line, marker, or band) when it reaches a boundary such as a plot
wall.
- column
-
a set of layout cells that are stacked vertically
and share the same alignment.
- column axis
-
an external axis appearing above or below a column
of cells and serving as a common reference for the column of a multi-cell
layout, such as a LATTICE, DATAPANEL, or DATALATTICE layout.
- column gutter
-
the space between columns of cells in a multi-cell
layout.
- column header
-
text that labels the column contents in a multi-cell
layout. This text can be aligned above or below the cells in a column.
In a LATTICE layout, the column header is not restricted to text (it
can contain a plot or a legend, for example).
- column major order
-
an order for populating cells of a layout or entries
in a legend when the number of rows is specified. By default, cells
or entries are filled starting from the top left and moving down.
When the bottom row of the first column is filled, a new column begins
filling to the right of the previous column, and so on until all content
items have been placed in cells or entries. There might be empty cells
or entries in the last column.
- column weight
-
in a LATTICE layout, the proportion of width allotted
to a specific column of the layout. The sum of all column weights
is 1.
- computed plot
-
a plot in which input data is internally summarized
or otherwise transformed to create new data that is actually rendered
by the plot. Examples of computed plot statements are BARCHART, BOXPLOT,
HISTOGRAM, ELLIPSE, and REGRESSIONPLOT.
- conditional logic
-
syntax that enables one set of statements or an
optional alternate set of statements to execute at run time. In the
Graph Template Language, an IF/ENDIF block defines conditional logic:
IF (condition) statements; ELSE statements; ENDIF; The ELSE statement
is not required.
- continuous legend
-
a legend that shows a mapping between a color
ramp or color segments and corresponding numeric values. Plots that
support a COLORMODEL= option can use this type of legend.
- crossing
-
a combination of the unique values of one or more
classification variables.
- cube
-
in three-dimensional graphics, the outlines formed
by the intersection of three pairs of parallel planes; each pair is
orthogonal to the primary X, Y, and Z axes. The display of the cube
is optional.
- data object
-
a transient version of a SAS data set created
by ODS. When an input SAS data set is bound to a compiled graph template,
an ODS data object is created, based on all the columns requested
in the template definition and any new columns that have been directly
or indirectly computed. A data object can persist when used with the
ODS OUTPUT statement.
- data tip
-
data or other detailed information that is displayed
when a user positions a mouse pointer over an element in a graph.
For example, a data tip typically displays the data value that is
represented by a bar, a plot point, or some other element.
- define block
-
in the TEMPLATE procedure, a define block (beginning
with a DEFINE statement and ending with an END statement) creates
various types of templates, including STATGRAPH, STYLE, and TABLE.
- dependent plot
-
a plot that cannot be rendered by itself. Dependent
plots must be overlaid with a stand-alone plot. Dependent plots do
not provide data ranges to establish axes. REFERENCELINE, DROPLINE,
and LINEPARM statements produce dependent plots. See also stand-alone
plot.
- design size
-
the intended size of a graph that is specified
in the graph template definition. The DESIGNHEIGHT and DESIGNWIDTH
options of the BEGINGRAPH statement set the intended height and width,
which are used to determine the scale factors when the graph is resized.
The intended height and width are used unless overridden by the ODS
Graphics statement HEIGHT or WIDTH options when the template is executed.
- device-based graphic
-
a graph created with SAS/GRAPH software for which
a user-specified or default device (DEVICE= option) controls certain
aspects of the graphical output.
- discrete axis
-
an axis for categorical data values. The distance
between ticks has no significance. A bar chart always has a discrete
axis.
- discrete legend
-
a legend that provides values or descriptive information
about graphical elements in a grouped or overlaid plot.
- dots per inch
-
a measure of the graph resolution by its dot density.
Short form: DPI.
- DPI
-
See dots per inch.
- drop line
-
a line drawn from a point in the plot area perpendicular
to an axis.
- dynamic variable
-
a variable defined in a template with the DYNAMIC
statement that can be initialized at template run time.
- equated axes
-
in two-dimensional plots, axes that use the same
drawing scale (ratio of display distance to data interval) on both
axes. For example, an interval of 2 on the X axis maps to the same
display distance as an interval of 2 on the Y axis. The aspect ratio
of the plot display equals the aspect ratio of the plot data. In other
words, a 45-degree slope in data will be represented by a 45-degree
slope in the display. Equated axes are always of TYPE=LINEAR. The
number of intervals displayed on each axis does not have to be the
same.
- external axis
-
an axis that is outside all cells of a layout.
An external axis represents a common scale for all plots in a row
or column of a multi-cell layout.
- fill
-
to apply a color within a bounded area. Many plots,
such bar charts and band plots, have bounded areas that can be filled
or unfilled. When filled, a color is applied. When unfilled, the areas
are transparent.
- fit policy
-
one of several algorithms for avoiding tick-value
collision when space allotted to a predefined area does not permit
all the text to fit. For example, an axis might have a THIN policy
that eliminates the display of tick values for alternate ticks. A
ROTATE policy would turn the tick values at a 45-degree angle. A TRUNCATE
policy would truncate all long tick values to a fixed length and add
an ellipsis (. . .) at the end to imply truncation. A STAGGER policy
would create two rows of tick values with consecutive tick values
alternating between rows. A compound policy such as STAGGERROTATE
could be used to automatically choose the best fit policy for the
situation.
- footnote area
-
the region below the graph area where text produced
by ENTRYFOOTNOTE statements appears.
- frequency variable
-
in an input data set, a non-negative and non-zero
integer variable that represents the frequency of occurrence of the
current observation, essentially treating the data set as if each
observation appeared n times, where n is the value of the FREQ variable
for the observation.
- fringe plot
-
a plot consisting of short, equal-length line
segments drawn from and perpendicular to an axis. Each observation
of a numeric variable corresponds to the location for a line segment.
- function
-
See SAS function.
- glyph
-
the smallest component of a font, which renders
the shapes of the characters in a writing system.
- graphics template
-
See ODS template.
- grid
-
a uniform arrangement of the rows and columns
of a multi-cell layout.
- gridded data
-
input that contains at least three numeric variables.
Two of the variables are treated as X and Y variables and the third
variable Z is treated as if it were a function of X and Y. The X and
Y variable values occur at uniformly spaced intervals (although the
size and number of intervals might be different for X and Y). All
X,Y pairs are unique, and Z values are interpolated so that every
X,Y pair has a Z value. Raw data that has at least three numeric variables
can be converted to gridded data with the G3GRID procedure (in SAS/GRAPH).
The procedure offers both bivariate and spline interpolation methods
for computing Z values.
- group index
-
a numeric variable with positive integer values
that correspond to values of a group variable. The index values are
used to associate GraphData1 GraphDataN style elements with group
values.
- group variable
-
a variable in the input data set used to categorize
chart variable values into groups. A group variable enables the data
for each distinct group value to be rendered in a visually different
manner. For example, a grouped scatter plot displays a distinct marker
and color for each group value.
- image format
-
a file format that displays a graphical representation.
PNG, GIF, TIFF, and JPEG are examples of image formats, each with
different characteristics.
- inset
-
a graphical element such as a legend, line of
text, or a table of text that is embedded inside of a graph's plot
area.
- interval axis
-
an axis where the distance between tick marks
represents monotonically increasing or decreasing numeric units of
some scale (like a ruler). The standard interval axis is called a
LINEAR axis. Specialized interval axes include a TIME axis and a LOG
axis.
- layout
-
a generic term for a rectangular container that
lays out the positions and sizes of its child components.
- layout block
-
a block beginning with a LAYOUT statement and
ending with an ENDLAYOUT statement.
- layout grid
-
a multi-cell layout arranged as a grid of cells
in rows and columns.
- layout type
-
a keyword indicating the functionality of the
layout. For example OVERLAY, LATTICE, and DATAPANEL are layout types.
- legend entry
-
a combination of a graphical element such as a
marker or line along with text describing the value or use of the
graphical element. A discrete legend can have several legend entries.
- legend title
-
text that explains how to interpret the legend.
- line property
-
a value that defines the pattern, thickness, or
color of a line. By default, the value for a line property is derived
from a style element in the current style.
- linear axis
-
an interval axis with ticks placed on a linear
scale.
- log axis
-
an axis displaying a logarithmic scale. A log
axis is useful when data values span orders of magnitude.
- marker
-
a symbol such as a diamond, a circle, or a triangle
that is used to indicate the location of, or annotate, a data point
in a plot or graph.
- marker property
-
a value that defines the symbol used as a marker,
or its size, weight, or color. By default, the value for a marker
property is derived from a style element in the current style.
- multi-cell layout
-
a layout that supports a rectangular grid of cells,
each of which can contain a graphical element, such as a plot, a legend,
a nested layout, and so on.
- nested layout
-
a layout block that appears within the scope of
another layout block.
- ODS
-
See Output Delivery System.
- ODS Graphics
-
an extension to ODS that is used to create analytical
graphs using the Graph Template Language.
- ODS Graphics Editor
-
an interactive application that can be used to
edit and annotate ODS Graphics output.
- ODS template
-
a description of how output should appear when
it is formatted. ODS templates are stored as compiled entries in a
template store, also known as an item store. Common template types
include STATGRAPH, STYLE, CROSSTABS, TAGSET, and TABLE.
- opaque
-
a property of a background. Opaque backgrounds
are filled with a color. Non-opaque backgrounds are transparent.
- outlier
-
a data point that differs from the general trend
of the data by more than is expected by chance alone. An outlier might
be an erroneous data point or one that is not from the same sampling
model as the rest of the data.
- Output Delivery System
-
a component of SAS software that can produce output
in a variety of formats such as markup languages (HTML, XML), PDF,
listing, RTF, PostScript, and SAS data sets. Short form: ODS.
- overlay
-
a plot that can be superimposed on another plot
when specified within an overlay-type layout. A common overlay combination
is a fit line on a scatter plot.
- overlay layout
-
a type of layout that supports the superimposition
of graphical components, such as plots, legends, and nested layouts.
- panel
-
a graph with multiple cells.
- parameterized plot
-
a non-computed plot that requires parameterized
data. The Graph Template Language offers several plots in both computed
and parameterized versions, for example, BARCHART and BARCHARTPARM.
Some computed plots such as REGRESSIONPLOT can be emulated with a
SERIESPLOT if the input data represented points on a fit line.
- parent block
-
when two or more blocks are nested, any layout
block that contains one or more layout blocks is a parent of the contained
blocks.
- plot
-
a visual representation of data such as a scatter
plot, needle plot, or contour plot.
- plot area
-
the space, bounded by the axes, where a visual
representation of data, such as a scatter plot, a series line, or
a histogram, is drawn.
- plot type
-
a plot family such as bar chart (which would include
horizontal, vertical, and grouped bar charts), or a classification
scheme for plots based on some useful criteria, such as whether the
plots are computed or parameterized.
- primary axis
-
the X or Y axis contrasted to the X2 or Y2 secondary
axis.
- primary plot
-
the plot in an overlay that determines axis features,
such as axis type and axis label.
- prototype layout
-
an overlay plot composite that appears in each
cell of a classification panel. Each instance of the prototype represents
a different subset (classification level) of the data.
- regression plot
-
a straight or curved line showing a linear or
higher order regression fit for a set of points.
- required argument
-
a variable or constant that must be specified
in order to evaluate an expression or render a plot, legend, text,
or a layout. For example, a scatter plot has two required arguments:
X=column and Y=column.
- rich text
-
a generic term for text that can have different
font characteristics (color, family, size, weight, style) on a character-by-character
basis and can also be used as a superscript or subscript. All text
statements in GTL support rich text.
- role
-
a description of the purpose that a variable serves
in a plot. For example, a series plot has predefined roles named for
X , Y, GROUP, and CURVELABEL.
- row
-
a set of layout cells that are side-by-side and
share the same alignment.
- row axis
-
an external axis appearing on the left or right
of a row of cells in a multi-cell layout.
- row gutter
-
space between rows of cells of a multi-cell layout.
- row header
-
typically, the text that identifies the row contents
in a multi-cell layout. This text can be aligned to the right or left
of the cells in a row. The row header is not restricted to text (it
can contain a plot or a legend, for example).
- row major order
-
an order for populating cells of a layout or entries
of a legend when the number of columns is specified. For example,
in the default case: Start at the top left and fill cells or entries
left-to-right. When the right-most column is filled, begin a new row
below the previous row. Continue this until all content items have
been placed in cells or entries. There might be empty cells/entries
in the last row.
- row weight
-
in a LATTICE layout, the proportion of height
allotted to a specific row of the layout. The sum of all row weights
is 1.
- SAS function
-
a type of SAS language element that can be used
in an expression or assignment statement to process zero or more arguments
and to return a value. Examples of SAS functions are MEAN and SUM.
Short form: function.
- secondary axis
-
the X2 or Y2 axis as contrasted to the X or Y
primary axis.
- SGE file
-
a file created in the ODS Graphics environment
that contains an editable graph. Such files have a .SGE file extension
and can be edited only with the ODS Graphics Editor. You can edit
SGE files from the SAS Results window or by opening the SGE file from
within the ODS Graphics Editor.
- sidebar
-
an area of certain multi-cell layouts external
to the grid of cells where text or other graphical elements can appear.
The LATTICE, DATAPANEL, and DATALATTICE layout support four sidebar
areas (TOP, BOTTOM, LEFT, and RIGHT).
- single-cell layout
-
a layout type that supports only one cell. The
OVERLAY, OVERLAY3D, and OVERLAYEQUATED layouts are examples of single-cell
layouts.
- sparse data
-
in classification panels with two or more classifiers,
some crossings of the classification values might not be present in
the input data. Such input data is called sparse data. By default,
a DATAPANEL layout does not generate cells for sparse data, but if
requested, it can produce empty cells as place holders for the non-existent
crossings.
- stand-alone plot
-
a plot that has its own data range and can therefore
appear by itself in a layout.
- statement block
-
a group of statements that has both a logical
beginning and ending statement. For example, a LAYOUT statement along
with its ENDLAYOUT statement and all contained statements are a block.
Some blocks can be nested within other blocks.
- style
-
an ODS template that can be used to control the
visual aspects (colors, fonts, lines, markers, and so on) of a graph.
A style consists of many style elements, and each style element consists
of style attributes.
- style attribute
-
a visual property such as a color, line pattern,
or font property that has a reserved name. For example, COLOR, FONTFAMILY,
FONTSIZE, FONTWEIGHT, and FONTSTYLE are all attributes of style elements
such as GraphTitleText, GraphLabelText, and so on. Style attributes
are collectively referenced by a style element within a style definition.
- style element
-
a named collection of style attributes that affects
specific parts of ODS output. For example, a style element might specify
the color and font properties of title text or other text in in a
table or graph.
- style reference
-
a part of the Graph Template Language syntax that
indicates the current value of a specific attribute of a specific
style element. For example, SIZE=GraphTitleText:FontSize means to
assign to SIZE the value of the FontSize attribute of the GraphTitleText
style element from the current style.
- template compile time
-
the phase when the source program of a template
definition is submitted. The syntax of the definition is evaluated
for correctness. If no errors are detected, the definition is converted
to a binary format and stored for later access.
- template definition
-
the TEMPLATE procedure source program that creates
a template. A template definition can be generated from a compiled
template. Also called the template source.
- template run time
-
the actions performed when a compiled template
is bound to a data object and then rendered to produce a graph. Run-time
errors can occur that prevent a graph from being produced.
- template source
-
See template definition.
- template store
-
an item store that contains definitions that were
created by the TEMPLATE procedure. Definitions that SAS provides are
in the item store Sashelp.Tmplmst. You can store definitions that
you create in any template store to which you have write access.
- template-based graphic
-
graphical output produced by a compiled ODS template
of the type STATGRAPH. That is, a graph that is produced within the
ODS graphics environment rather than in the traditional device-based
environment.
- text properties
-
a common set of characteristics that can be specified
for any text string: COLOR, FAMILY, SIZE, WEIGHT, and STYLE. By default,
values for these properties are derived from a style element in the
current style.
- time axis
-
an axis type that displays only SAS date, time,
or datetime values. Axis tick value increments can be specified as
time or date intervals, such as MINUTE, HOUR, DAY, WEEK, MONTH, QUARTER,
or YEAR.
- title area
-
the region above the graph area where text produced
by ENTRYTITLE statements appears.
- transparency
-
the degree to which a graphic element (such as
a marker or filled area) is opaque or transparent. Transparency is
indicated with a number from 0 (completely opaque) to 1 (completely
transparent).
- Unicode
-
a computing industry standard for the consistent
encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of
the world's writing systems. Unicode includes more than 109,000 characters
covering dozens of scripts, plus standards for character properties
such as upper and lower case, for rendering bidirectional script,
and a number of related items.
- viewport
-
See axis viewport.
- wall
-
the area bounded by orthogonal axis pairs. In
two-dimensional graphs, there is one wall bounded by the XY axes.
In three-dimensional graphs, there are three walls, bounded by the
XY, YZ, and XZ axes. A wall has an optional outline and can be opaque
or transparent.
- weight variable
-
a numeric variable that represents a weight (for
example, costs) to be applied to observations.
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