Let 
and 
be the independent and dependent variables arranged by time and by cross section within each time period. (Note that the input data set used by the PANEL procedure must be sorted by cross section and then by time within each cross section.) Let 
be the number of cross sections observed in year 
and let 
. Let 
be the 
matrix obtained from the 
identity matrix from which rows that correspond to cross sections not observed at time have been omitted. Consider
where 
and 
. The matrix 
gives the dummy variable structure for the two-way model.
Let
The estimate of the regression slope coefficients is given by
where 
is the 
matrix without the vector of 1s.
The estimator of the error variance is
where the residuals are given by 
if there is an intercept in the model and by 
if there is no intercept.
The actual implementation is quite different from the theory. The PANEL procedure transforms all series using the 
matrix.
The variable being transformed is 
, which could be 
or any column of 
. After the data are properly transformed, OLS is run on the resulting series.
Given 
, the next step is estimating the cross-sectional and time effects. Given that 
is the column vector of cross-sectional effects and 
is the column vector of time effects,
Given the cross-sectional and time effects, the next step is to derive the associated dummy variables. Using the NOINT option, the following equations give the dummy variables:
When an intercept is desired, the equations for dummy variables and intercept are:
The calculation of the variance-covariance matrix is as follows:
where
Now you work out the variance covariance estimates for the dummy variables.
Variance Covariance of Dummy variables with No Intercept
The variances and covariances of the dummy variables are given under the NOINT selection as follows:
Variance Covariance of Dummy variables with Intercept
The variances and covariances of the dummy variables are given as follows when the intercept is included:
